ABSTRACT
Background and Aims: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes airflow obstruction and respiratory problems. Thus, the main objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for the progression of COPD using longitudinally measured forced vital capacity with time to onset of polycythemia outpatients follow-up. Methods: A retrospective study design was used to gather the related data on longitudinal change of forced vital capacity and time to onset of polycythemia from the medical charts. The joint model consists of a longitudinal submodel for the change of forced vital capacity and a survival submodel for the time to onset of polycythemia of chronic obstructive pulmonary patients. Results: From the total of 266 patient's estimated value of forced vital capacity of chronic obstructive pulmonary patients was 74.45 years with a standard deviation of 8.59. The estimated value of the association parameter was -0.006, which indicates that the lower value for a forced vital capacity measure was associated with the higher risk of polycythemia and vice versa "Based on the joint model analysis found that the predictor smoking, comorbidities, marital status, weight, and HIV" jointly affected the two responses, which are change of forced vital capacity and time to onset of polycythemia among chronic obstructive pulmonary patients. Conclusion: The overall performance of separate and joint models, joint modeling of longitudinal measures with the time-to-event outcome was the best model due to smaller standard errors and statistical significance of both the association parameters.
ABSTRACT
Background and Aims: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem worldwide. The general objective of this study is to identify the joint factors of serum creatinine (SCr) and time to end stage of renal disease (ESRD) for CKD patients under treatment at University of Gondar Referral Hospital (UOGRH). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The collected information was secondary data type obtained from 311 CKD patient's medical charts in the UOGRH from September 2019 to January 2022 G.C. Joint modeling analysis contained a linear mixed model for SCr and the Cox-PH model for time to ESRD of CKD patients under treatment was used. Result: From the total of 311 patients, 104 (33.4%) patients were developed the ESRD, while the other 207 (66.6%) were censored patients. In the longitudinal submodel, the variable sex, age, electrolyte, visit time, anemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart disease, hypertension, and hepatitis have a significant effect on the variable SCr. In survival process, anemia (HR = 2.53, p = < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (HR = 2.206, p = < 0.0047), chronic heart disease (HR = 2.83, p = < 0.0011), HIV (HR = 2.778, p = < 0.0045), hypertension (HR = 2.616, p = < 0.001), and hepatitis (HR = 4.4, p = < 0.0074) have a significant effect on the variable ESRD. On the basis of the result of the joint model, the variable anemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart disease, hypertension, and hepatitis were common significant factors. Conclusion: The majority of patients 207 (66.6%) of CKD patients were censored. On the basis of the smaller information criteria value and the significance association value, the joint model better fits the data. In the joint model, the variable anemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart disease, hypertension, and hepatitis were common factors of two responses, and also concluded that the rate of progression of longitudinal measure SCr decreased over time.
ABSTRACT
Background and Aims: Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can reason a variety of health problems and can be fatal. According to the most recent estimates of the Global Burden of Disease study and WHO, viral hepatitis is accountable for around 1.34 million deaths yearly, which is comparable to the yearly number of deaths from HIV/AIDS (1.3 million), malaria (0.9 million), and tuberculosis (1.3 million). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of the Hepatitis B virus and associated risk factors among adults patients at Dessie Referral and Kemise General Hospitals. Methods: The source for the data on Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was all adults aged≥18 years that were admitted and tested for HBV from September 2020 to February 2021 were included in the study. A total of 1283 adults were admitted out of which, 1080 adults have completed measurements and had been taken into consideration for this examination, and others had been excluded from the examination because of exclusion criteria. To meet our objective descriptive statistics, the χ 2 test and multiple logistic regression statistical models were used for data analysis. Results: In this study, a total of 1080 adults were included out of which 631 (58.4%) female and 449 (41.6%) were male with a mean age of 34(SD ± ± 12.56) years. The overall prevalence of HBV among adults was 27.4% (95% confidence interval [CI];24.8-30.2). The results of this study showed that age 25-34(odds ratio [OR] = 3.6, p-value = 0.005), 35-44 (OR = 6.67, p-value <0.001), ≥45 (OR = 3.85, p-value = 0.005), male (OR = 4.36, p-value < 0.001), history of hospitalization (OR = 0.644, p-value = 0.04), family history of HBV (OR = 1.96, p-value = 0.005), and jaundice (OR = 2.50, p-value = 0.005) were significant risk factors of HBV. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV in this study is 27.4%. The results of this study showed that age, male, history of hospitalization, family history of HBV, and jaundice were significant risk factors for Hepatitis B virus.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Among the many worldwide health problems, HIV/AIDS has caused severe health problems in several countries. The problem is also widely seen in Ethiopia. The general objective of the study is to cluster HIV patients and to find out the factors that mostly affect the prevalence of HIV within a group (cluster) and between groups (clusters) of HIV patients. METHODS: The study is made based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) which was collected by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia, and the survey collected a total of 26,753 samples, of which 14,785 were women and 11,968 were men and the age group was between 15 and 49 years for both. Binary logistic regression, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and ANOVA were applied to analyze the data. RESULTS: The result from binary logistic regression reveals that 15 factors such as ever heard of AIDS, region, water not available for at least a day in the last 2 weeks, has a radio, family members wash their hands, location of the source of water, everything completed to water to make it harmless to drink, food cooked in the house/separate house/outside, has a mobile telephone, has a table, type of place of residence, highest education level attained, current marital status, sex of household members, and age of household members are all significant factors that affect HIV status. CONCLUSION: Using these significant variables, 12 principal components are identified which describe 78% of the variation in the data. The result of HIV patients are clustered into 3 clusters and determine the status of HIV levels. Mainly, cluster 2 accounts for 50% of HIV patients whereas cluster 3 and 1 accounts for 40% and 10%, respectively.
