La eficiencia no basta. Análisis ético y recomendaciones para la distribución de recursos escasos en situación de pandemia / Efficiency is not enough. Ethical analysis and recommendations for the allocation of scarce resources in a pandemic situation

Objetivo: Elaborar una herramienta de apoyo que ayude a tomar decisiones en el marco de la pandemia de COVID19. Método: Se parte de una búsqueda de diferentes recomendaciones éticas surgidas en España sobre priorización de recursos sanitarios escasos en la pandemia de COVID19, así como de una revisión narrativa de modelos teóricos sobre distribución en pandemias para definir una fundamentación ética. Finalmente, se extraen recomendaciones para su posible aplicación en distintos ámbitos asistenciales. Resultados: Se identifican tres principios, igualdad estricta, equidad y eficiencia, que se sustancian en criterios de distribución específicos. Conclusiones: Se propone un modelo de distribución de recursos sanitarios escasos en situación de pandemia que parte de un procedimiento de toma de decisiones y adapta los criterios de distribución a los escenarios de la atención sanitaria: atención primaria, residencias sociosanitarias y atención hospitalaria. (AU)

Objective: To develop a support tool to decision-making in the framework of the COVID19 pandemic. Method: Different ethical recommendations that emerged in Spain on prioritizing scarce health resources in the COVID19 pandemic first wave were searched; it was conducted a narrative review of theoretical models on distribution in pandemics to define an ethical foundation. Finally, recommendations are drawn to be applied in different healthcare settings. Results: Three principles are identified; strict equality, equity and efficiency, which are substantiated in specific distribution criteria. Conclusions: A model for the distribution of scarce health resources in a pandemic situation is proposed, starting with a decision-making procedure and adapting the distribution criteria to different healthcare scenarios: primary care settings, nursing homes and hospitals. (AU)

La Medicina de Familia ante la ley sobre la ayuda médica para morir: responsabilidad y garantías / Family Medicine in the face of the law on medical aid in dying responsibility and guarantees

La aprobación de la ley de eutanasia supone un reto para la medicina y culmina un proceso de maduración cívica de la sociedad ante el morir. Existen desafíos que la aplicación de la ley deberá solventar. Buscar una solución médica objetiva e irreversible a un sufrimiento subjetivo, donde pueden existir determinantes sociales condicionantes, implica un grave riesgo de inequidad que requiere políticas que establezcan un marco pre-decisional garantista. La eutanasia debería ser una excepción gracias a la existencia de fuertes salvaguardas clínicas, informativas y relacionales que solo pueden garantizarse en el contexto de una atención primaria solvente que acompañe a las personas a lo largo de sus vidas. En este contexto primarista y comunitario, la eutanasia puede ser el último recurso de un profesional comprometido con el no abandono de un paciente con sufrimiento grave e irreversible que la solicita.(AU)

The approval of the euthanasia law represents a challenge for medicine and culminates a process of civic maturation of society in the face of death. There are challenges that the application of the law will have to meet. Seeking an objective and irreversible medical solution to subjective suffering - where there may be conditioning social determinants - implies a serious risk of inequity that requires policies that establish a pre-decisional guaranteeing framework. Euthanasia should be an exception thanks to the existence of strong clinical, informational and relational safeguards that can only be guaranteed in the context of a solvent primary care that accompanies people throughout their lives. In this primarist and community context, euthanasia can be the last resort of a professional committed to not abandoning a patient with severe and irreversible suffering who requests it.(AU)

[Family Medicine in the face of the law on medical aid in dying responsibility and guarantees]. / La Medicina de Familia ante la ley sobre la ayuda médica para morir: responsabilidad y garantías.

The approval of the euthanasia law represents a challenge for medicine and culminates a process of civic maturation of society in the face of death. There are challenges that the application of the law will have to meet. Seeking an objective and irreversible medical solution to subjective suffering - where there may be conditioning social determinants - implies a serious risk of inequity that requires policies that establish a pre-decisional guaranteeing framework. Euthanasia should be an exception thanks to the existence of strong clinical, informational and relational safeguards that can only be guaranteed in the context of a solvent primary care that accompanies people throughout their lives. In this primarist and community context, euthanasia can be the last resort of a professional committed to not abandoning a patient with severe and irreversible suffering who requests it.

[Efficiency is not enough. Ethical analysis and recommendations for the allocation of scarce resources in a pandemic situation]. / La eficiencia no basta. Análisis ético y recomendaciones para la distribución de recursos escasos en situación de pandemia.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a support tool to decision-making in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Different ethical recommendations that emerged in Spain on prioritizing scarce health resources in the COVID-19 pandemic first wave were searched; it was conducted a narrative review of theoretical models on distribution in pandemics to define an ethical foundation. Finally, recommendations are drawn to be applied in different healthcare settings. RESULTS: Three principles are identified; strict equality, equity and efficiency, which are substantiated in specific distribution criteria. CONCLUSIONS: A model for the distribution of scarce health resources in a pandemic situation is proposed, starting with a decision-making procedure and adapting the distribution criteria to different healthcare scenarios: primary care settings, nursing homes and hospitals.

Roma Women's Perspectives on End-of-Life Decisions.

Spain's Roma community has its own cultural and moral values. These values influence the way in which end-of-life decision-making is confronted. The objective of this study was to explore the perspective of Roma women on end-of-life decision-making. It was a qualitative study involving thirty-three Roma women belonging to groups for training and social development in two municipalities. We brought together five focus groups between February and December 2012. Six mediators each recruited five to six participants. We considered age and care role to be the variables that can have the most influence on opinion regarding end-of-life decision-making. We considered the discussion saturated when the ideas expressed were repeated. Data analysis was carried out according to five steps: describing, organizing, connecting, corroborating/legitimating, and representing the account. The main ideas gleaned from the data were as follows: (1) the important role of the family in end-of-life care, especially the role of women; (2) the large influence of community opinion over personal or family decisions, typical of closed societies; (3) the different preferences women had for themselves compared to that for others regarding desired end-of-life care; (4) unawareness or rejection of advance directives. Roma women wish for their healthcare preferences to be taken into account, but "not in writing." The study concluded that the success of end-of-life healthcare in Roma families and of their involvement in the making of healthcare decisions depends upon considering and respecting their idiosyncrasy.

Unir las organizaciones científicas profesionales para revalorizar a los héroes anónimos / Uniting professional scientific organisations to re-evaluate anonymous heroes?

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[To identify primary care interventions that reduce hospitalisation of people over 65 due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions]. / Intervenciones sanitarias en atención primaria que disminuyen la hospitalización por Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions en mayores de 65 años.

OBJECTIVES: To study how primary care (PC) professionals perceive the pathologies that tend to cause hospitalisation of people over 65 most frequently, and to study their consistency with the list of ACSCs (Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions). To identify prior PC interventions that could reduce or prevent hospitalisation due to those pathologies. DESIGN AND METHOD: A Delphi study with PC experts from 7 health care centres in Granada, Spain, during 2005. A descriptive analysis of the consensus obtained via self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: The diseases that cause the bulk of admissions in people over 65 are: acute COPD, non-compensated cardiac failure, cerebro-vascular accident, and falls-traumas. The pathologies analysed form part of the list of ACSCs, with the exception of falls, listed as the fourth cause, and cancer processes, listed as the sixth cause. The hospitalisation rates that could be avoided with prompt and effective PC varies between 20% for cancer processes to 70% for non-compensated diabetes. The rate is over 50% in COPD, digestive haemorrhages, and diabetes. The key interventions for reducing hospitalisations are primary prevention care, early diagnosis, and correct treatment. Effectiveness and feasibility vary widely for each particular intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The principal causes of hospitalisation in people over 65 are included as ACSC. Priority actions to reduce avoidable hospitalisations from PC are multi-modal interventions, the majority of which are over 50% effective and feasible.

Intervenciones sanitarias en atención primaria que disminuyen la hospitalización por Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions en mayores de 65 años / To identify primary care interventions that reduce hospitalisation of people over 65 due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions

Objetivos. Estudiar la percepción de los profesionales de atención primaria (AP) sobre las enfermedades que con mayor frecuencia provocan hospitalizaciones en mayores de 65 años, analizar la concordancia con el listado ACSC (Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions) e identificar las intervenciones prioritarias que podrían reducir o evitar dicha hospitalización. Diseño y método. Estudio Delphi con expertos de AP procedentes de 7 centros de salud de Granada durante 2005. Análisis descriptivo del consenso obtenido mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados. Resultados. Las enfermedades que causan en mayor medida ingresos en mayores de 65 años son: enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) agudizada, insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada, accidente cerebrovascular y caídas-traumatismos. Las enfermedades analizadas forman parte del listado de ACSC salvo las caídas y los procesos cancerosos. El porcentaje estimado de hospitalizaciones evitables desde AP oscila entre el 20% para procesos cancerosos y el 70% para las descompensaciones diabéticas, y es superior al 50% para la EPOC, las hemorragias digestivas y la diabetes. Las intervenciones prioritarias para disminuir los ingresos hospitalarios abarcan la prevención primaria, el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento correcto, con una gran variabilidad en la efectividad y la factibilidad percibida para cada intervención concreta. Conclusiones. Las principales causas de ingresos hospitalarios en mayores de 65 años están incluidas como ACSC. Las actuaciones prioritarias para reducir las hospitalizaciones evitables desde AP son intervenciones mixtas a las que, en su mayor parte, se les atribuye una efectividad y una factibilidad superiores al 50%

Objectives. To study how primary care (PC) professionals perceive the pathologies that tend to cause hospitalisation of people over 65 most frequently, and to study their consistency with the list of ACSCs (Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions). To identify prior PC interventions that could reduce or prevent hospitalisation due to those pathologies. Design and method. A Delphi study with PC experts from 7 health care centres in Granada, Spain, during 2005. A descriptive analysis of the consensus obtained via self-administered questionnaires. Results. The diseases that cause the bulk of admissions in people over 65 are: acute COPD, non-compensated cardiac failure, cerebro-vascular accident, and falls-traumas. The pathologies analysed form part of the list of ACSCs, with the exception of falls, listed as the fourth cause, and cancer processes, listed as the sixth cause. The hospitalisation rates that could be avoided with prompt and effective PC varies between 20% for cancer processes to 70% for non-compensated diabetes. The rate is over 50% in COPD, digestive haemorrhages, and diabetes. The key interventions for reducing hospitalisations are primary prevention care, early diagnosis, and correct treatment. Effectiveness and feasibility vary widely for each particular intervention. Conclusions. The principal causes of hospitalisation in people over 65 are included as ACSC. Priority actions to reduce avoidable hospitalisations from PC are multi-modal interventions, the majority of which are over 50% effective and feasible

La anticoagulación oral como servicio de atención primaria. Una necesidad inaplazable / Oral anti-coagulation as a primary care service. A necessity that cannot be postponed

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