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1.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 57(supl.19): 57-64, Sept. 2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-762051

ABSTRACT

SUMMARYDuring recent decades, antifungal susceptibility testing has become standardized and nowadays has the same role of the antibacterial susceptibility testing in microbiology laboratories. American and European standards have been developed, as well as equivalent commercial systems which are more appropriate for clinical laboratories. The detection of resistant strains by means of these systems has allowed the study and understanding of the molecular basis and the mechanisms of resistance of fungal species to antifungal agents. In addition, many studies on the correlation of in vitro results with the outcome of patients have been performed, reaching the conclusion that infections caused by resistant strains have worse outcome than those caused by susceptible fungal isolates. These studies have allowed the development of interpretative breakpoints for Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp., the most frequent agents of fungal infections in the world. In summary, antifungal susceptibility tests have become essential tools to guide the treatment of fungal diseases, to know the local and global disease epidemiology, and to identify resistance to antifungals.


RESUMONas últimas décadas, os testes de suscetibilidade a antifúngicos foram padronizados e, atualmente, servem tal como os testes de suscetibilidade a antibacterianos em laboratórios de microbiologia. Métodos de referência norte americanos e europeus foram desenvolvidos, assim como os equivalentes sistemas comerciais, estes últimos mais apropriados a laboratórios clínicos. A detecção de cepas resistentes por meio de tais sistemas permitiu o estudo e a compreensão das bases moleculares dos mecanismos de resistência de espécies fúngicas a fármacos antifúngicos. Além disso, foram realizados muitos estudos sobre a correlação de resultados obtidos in vitro com o desfecho clínico de pacientes permitindo a conclusão de que infecções por cepas resistentes têm pior evolução em relação às causadas por cepas sensíveis. Os estudos permitiram o estabelecimento de pontos de corte interpretativos (interpretative breakpoints development) para Candida spp. e Aspergillus spp., os agentes etiológicos mais frequentes de infecções fúngicas em todo o mundo. Em resumo, os testes de suscetibilidade representam uma ferramenta essencial para a orientação do tratamento de doenças fúngicas, para o conhecimento da epidemiologia local e global, bem como para a identificação de resistência a antifúngicos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Aspergillus/drug effects , Candida/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Aspergillus/classification , Candida/classification , Drug Resistance, Fungal
2.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 30(3): 209-212, jul.-sept. 2013. tab, ilus
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-116472

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: Durante a˜nos, el fluconazol se ha utilizado para tratar las infecciones por Candida. Sin embargo, el uso indiscriminado de este antimicótico ha favorecido la aparición de cepas resistentes. Se han descrito mutaciones en el gen ERG11 como uno de los principales mecanismos de resistencia en especies de Candida. Objetivos En el presente estudio se investigaron las mutaciones de sentido erróneo en genes ERG11 de aislamientos de Candida albicans, glabrata y tropicalis previamente examinados mediante pruebas de sensibilidad a fluconazol. Métodos: La detección de las mutaciones de este gen se realizó en 19 aislamientos clínicos de Candida (8 C. albicans, 5 C. glabrata y 6 C. tropicalis) sensibles y resistentes a fluconazol. El gen se amplificó mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) con cebadores específicos para cada especie de Candida y se analizaron mediante secuenciación automatizada. Resultados: Se identificaron 14 mutaciones de sentido erróneo diferentes, 5 de las cuales no habían sido descritas previamente. Entre ellas, se identificó una nueva mutación L321F en un aislamiento de C. albicans resistente a fluconazol y que fue analizada mediante una estructura tridimensional teórica de ERG11p. Conclusión: La mutación L321F del gen ERG11 de C. albicans puede asociarse a resistencia a fluconazol (AU)


Background. For many years fluconazole has been commonly used to treat Candida infections. However, the indiscriminate use of this antimycotic therapy has favored the emergence of resistant isolates. Mutations in the ERG11 gene have been described as one of the primary mechanisms of resistance in Candida species. Aims. In this study we investigated missense mutations in ERG11 genes of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis isolates previously evaluated by susceptibility testing to fluconazole. Methods. Screening for these mutations was performed on 19 Candida clinical isolates (eight C. albicans, five C. glabrata and six C. tropicalis) resistant and susceptible to fluconazole. The ERG11 gene was amplified by PCR with specific primers for each Candida species and analyzed by automated sequencing. Results. We identified 14 different missense mutations, five of which had not been described previously. Among them, a new mutation L321F was identified in a fluconazole resistant C. albicans isolate and it was analyzed by a theoretical three-dimensional structure of the ERG11p. Conclusion. The L321F mutation in C. albicans ERG11 gene may be associated with fluconazole resistance (AU)


Subject(s)
Candida albicans , Candida albicans/isolation & purification , Candida albicans/pathogenicity , Mutation , Mutation/physiology , Fluconazole/metabolism , Fluconazole/pharmacokinetics , Fluconazole/therapeutic use , Antibodies, Fungal/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance , Drug Resistance/physiology , Drug Resistance, Microbial
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