A comprehensive molecular analysis of bovine coronavirus strains isolated from Brazil and comparison of a wild-type and cell culture-adapted strain associated with respiratory disease.

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) has dual tropisms that can trigger enteric and respiratory diseases in cattle. Despite its global distribution, BCoV field strains from Brazil remain underexplored in studies investigating the virus's worldwide circulation. Another research gap involves the comparative analysis of S protein sequences in BCoV isolates from passages in cell lines versus direct sequencing from clinical samples. Therefore, one of the objectives of our study was to conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of BCoV strains identified from Brazil, including a respiratory strain obtained during this study, comparing them with global and ancestral BCoV strains. Additionally, we performed a comparative analysis between wild-type BCoV directly sequenced from the clinical sample (nasal secretion) and the cell culture-adapted strain, utilizing the Sanger method. The field strain and multiple cell passage in cell culture (HRT-18) adapted BCoV strain (BOV19 NS) detected in this study were characterized through molecular and phylogenetic analyses based on partial fragments of 1,448 nt covering the hypervariable region of the S gene. The analyses have demonstrated that different BCoV strains circulating in Brazil, and possibly Brazilian variants, constitute a new genotype (putative G15 genotype). Compared with the ancestral prototype (Mebus strain) of BCoV, 33 nt substitutions were identified of which 15 resulted in non-synonymous mutations (nine transitions and six transversions). Now, compared with the wild-type strain was identified only one nt substitution in nt 2,428 from the seventh passage onwards, which resulted in transversion, neutral-neutral charge, and one substitution of asparagine for tyrosine at aa residue 810 (N810Y).

Investigation of avian rotavirus infections in broiler chicks from commercial flocks with different performance efficiency indexes.

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the frequency of occurrence of avian rotavirus (AvRV) in poultry flocks according to its Performance Efficiency Index (PEI) scores. A total of 256 individual intestinal content samples of small sized-chicks (runts) with clinical signs of Runting Stunting Syndrome (RSS) and 24 clinically healthy chicks (control) were collected from twelve flocks in southern Brazil with different PEI scores: good (n = 4, PEI mean = 365); moderate (n = 4, PEI mean = 342) or poor (n = 4, PEI mean = 319). Silver-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE) was used to detect and identify the AvRV species followed by RT-PCR and sequencing of the partial VP6 gene for species confirmation. AvRV was detected in 83% (10/12) of the flocks and 23.4% (60/256) of the chicks. The electrophoretic migration patterns of viral dsRNA segments were compatible with AvRV species A (AvRV- A), D (AvRV-D) and F (AvRV-F) in 9 (15%), 18 (30%), and 33 (55%) of the positive chicks fecal samples, respectively. The AvRV species identified by ss-PAGE were confirmed by RT-PCR and partial sequence analysis of the VP6 gene. The AvRV detection rate was statistically higher (p = 0.007) in chicks from flocks with poor PEI when compared to those with good PEI. The occurrence of AvRV-D and AvRV-F was statistically higher in 7 to 9 days old chicks, while AvRV-A was detected only in 13 to 14 days old animals.

A especialidade de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica nos diferentes níveis de atenção à saúde no Brasil / Allergy and Clinical Immunology specialty in the different levels of health care in Brazil

Objetivos: Avaliar a atuação de alergistas/imunologistas no serviço público e identificar prioridades, carências e demandas na assistência aos pacientes com doenças alérgicas e imunodeficiências. Métodos: Foi desenvolvido um questionário on-line autoaplicável por meio do Google Forms, composto por 17 questões de múltipla escolha sobre dados demográficos, área de atuação, local de desempenho das atividades profissionais e acesso a exames laboratoriais. Resultados: Responderam ao questionário on-line 367 associados. A média de idade foi de 45,3 anos (desvio padrão, DP = 11,7), e 255 dos participantes eram mulheres (69,5%). Atuavam também como pediatras 52,9% dos alergistas, e apenas 37,6% atendiam pacientes com imunodeficiências primárias no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os recursos para abordagem desses pacientes eram escassos e não distribuídos de maneira uniforme. Conclusões: Os especialistas em Alergia e Imunologia Clínica estão concentrados nos grandes centros, e os que atuam no serviço público não têm acesso a recursos adequados para o diagnóstico e tratamento das doenças alérgicas e imunodeficiências primárias. Ações estratégicas em várias instâncias do SUS são necessárias para melhorar a atenção aos pacientes com doenças imunoalérgicas no Brasil.

Objectives: To evaluate the performance of allergists/ immunologists in the public service and to identify priorities, needs and demands in the care of patients with allergic diseases and immunodeficiencies. Methods: A self-administered online questionnaire was developed through Google Forms, consisting of 17 multiple choice questions about demographic data, area of performance, place of professional performance and access to laboratory exams. Results: 367 patients answered the online questionnaire. The mean age was 45.3 years (standard deviation, SD = 11.7), and 255 participants were female (69.5%). A total of 52.9% of allergists also worked as pediatricians, and only 37.6% treated primary immunodeficiency patients through the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). Resources to manage these patients were scarce and unevenly distributed. Conclusions: Allergy and Clinical Immunology specialists are concentrated in large centers and those who work in the public service do not have access to adequate resources for diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases and primary immunodeficiencies. Strategic actions in various levels of SUS are necessary to improve care for patients with immunologic and/or allergic diseases in Brazil.

O atendimento médico de pacientes com doenças imunoalérgicas no Brasil: reflexões e propostas para a melhoria ­ Carta de Belo Horizonte / Caring for patients with immunoallergic diseases in Brazil: reflections and proposals for improvement ­ The Belo Horizonte Charter

Apesar do aumento na prevalência e gravidade das doenças imunoalérgicas no Brasil, como em todo o mundo, o acesso a atendimento especializado, exames complementares e terapias que possibilitam o controle adequado delas, especialmente as com potencial fatal, é restrito a poucos centros no Brasil, e muitas dessas condições e terapias não estão contempladas nos Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas do Ministério da Saúde. No presente trabalho, analisamos a realidade atual e carências na assistência a pacientes com doenças alérgicas como anafilaxia, alergia ao leite de vaca, asma, dermatite atópica e urticária crônica e com imunodeficiências primárias. São apresentadas, também, propostas de ações em que a Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia poderia trabalhar em parceria com o Ministério da Saúde para reduzir o impacto médico, social e financeiro dessas doenças.

Despite the increase observed in the prevalence and severity of immunoallergic diseases, both in Brazil and worldwide, access to specialized care and to complementary tests and therapies that allow adequate disease control, especially in potentially fatal cases, is restricted to a few centers in Brazil. In addition, many of these conditions and therapies are not included in the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines. In the present study, we analyze the current situation and weaknesses in the care of patients with allergic diseases such as anaphylaxis, cow's milk allergy, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic urticaria, as well as those with primary immunodeficiencies. Possible actions that could be undertaken by the Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology in partnership with the Brazilian Ministry of Health are proposed, with the aim of reducing the medical, social, and financial impact associated with these diseases.

Electrophoretic RNA genomic profiles of Brazilian Picobirnavirus (PBV) strains and molecular characterization of a PBV isolated from diarrheic calf.

Picobirnavirus (PBV) belongs to the family Picobirnaviridae. PBV are a group of emerging non-enveloped viruses, with a bisegmented double-stranded RNA genome that can infect a wide range of hosts. This study reports the occurrence of PBV in fecal samples from five Brazilian dairy cattle herds. From the 289 stool samples of individual calves analyzed by silver-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE) the PBV was detected in 8.3 % (24/289), of which 10.2% (18/176) had diarrheic consistency. Of the 24 positive samples in ss-PAGE, 5 (20.8%) of them showed a small electrophoretic profile and 19 (79.2%) samples had large profile. From the 24 positives samples by ss-PAGE, 15 (62.5%) were successfully amplified (201 bp) using GI specific primers targeting the RdRp gene of PBV. The analysis of nucleotide identity matrix revealed that the bovine PBV strain identified in this study, showed the highest nucleotide identity (81%) with PBV strain detected in turkey (MD-2010/HM803965). This is the first nucleotide sequence of a bovine PBV strain in the American continent and the first detection of small genome profile of PBV-like strains in bovine hosts.