Molecular findings from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 detected in patients from a Brazilian equatorial region during the pandemic period.

After the World Health Organization officially declared the end of the first pandemic of the XXI century in August 2010, the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has been disseminated in the human population. In spite of its sustained circulation, very little on phylogenetic data or oseltamivir (OST) resistance is available for the virus in equatorial regions of South America. In order to shed more light on this topic, we analysed the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 positive samples collected during the pandemic period in the Pernambuco (PE), a northeastern Brazilian state. Complete HA sequences were compared and amino acid changes were related to clinical outcome. In addition, the H275Y substitution in NA, associated with OST resistance, was investigated by pyrosequencing. Samples from PE were grouped in phylogenetic clades 6 and 7, being clustered together with sequences from South and Southeast Brazil. The D222N/G HA gene mutation, associated with severity, was found in one deceased patient that was pregnant. Additionally, the HA mutation K308E, which appeared in Brazil in 2010 and was only detected worldwide the following year, was identified in samples from hospitalised cases. The resistance marker H275Y was not identified in samples tested. However, broader studies are needed to establish the real frequency of resistance in this Brazilian region.

Molecular findings from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 detected in patients from a Brazilian equatorial region during the pandemic period

After the World Health Organization officially declared the end of the first pandemic of the XXI century in August 2010, the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has been disseminated in the human population. In spite of its sustained circulation, very little on phylogenetic data or oseltamivir (OST) resistance is available for the virus in equatorial regions of South America. In order to shed more light on this topic, we analysed the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 positive samples collected during the pandemic period in the Pernambuco (PE), a northeastern Brazilian state. Complete HA sequences were compared and amino acid changes were related to clinical outcome. In addition, the H275Y substitution in NA, associated with OST resistance, was investigated by pyrosequencing. Samples from PE were grouped in phylogenetic clades 6 and 7, being clustered together with sequences from South and Southeast Brazil. The D222N/G HA gene mutation, associated with severity, was found in one deceased patient that was pregnant. Additionally, the HA mutation K308E, which appeared in Brazil in 2010 and was only detected worldwide the following year, was identified in samples from hospitalised cases. The resistance marker H275Y was not identified in samples tested. However, broader studies are needed to establish the real frequency of resistance in this Brazilian region.

The role of laboratory diagnosis of influenza

INTRODUCTIONSince 1948 the World Health Organization (WHO) has established an international network of laboratories for the surveillance of influenza viruses. Currently, the Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) includes 128 National Influenza Centers (NICs) distributed in 89 countries. Among their attributions the NICs are responsible for collecting and receiving specimens and virus isolates from patients suspected of being infected with influenza viruses and conducting preliminary laboratory analysis. Representative virus isolates are then selected and shipped to one of four specialized WHO Collaborating Centers (WHOCCs) for reference purposes and for advanced antigenic and genetic influenza analysis. Based on the results of this, the WHO makes an annual recommendation on influenza vaccine composition. NICs also alert the WHO to unusual outbreaks of influenza or influenza-like illness, and they detect non-subtypable and low-reacting virus isolates using the WHO diagnostic reagents provided through the GISN. Under the agreed terms of reference (www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/TORNICs.pdf), NICs must disseminate the generated data in FluNet (www.who.int/flunet), a webbased tool for the support and coordination of national and global influenza surveillance and reporting. Laboratory diagnosis of influenza is an important public health tool that has become a cornerstone of the prevention, containment, surveillance and therapeutic management of patients. In this context, there are a variety of laboratory methods that allow the identification of influenza viruses circulating in the community. Diagnostic approaches for the identification of the virus include viral culture, detection of viral antigens (e.g., immunofluorescence tests), and nucleic acid testing methods. A presumptive diagnosis can be made by a validated rapid antigen test. Antibody detection is usually accomplished by virus neutralization (NT) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, which

Ocorrência de Bocavírus Humano associado às infecções respiratórias agudas em crianças de 0 a 2 anos de idade na Cidade de Belém, Pará, Brasil / Ocurrence of Human Bocavirus associated with acute respiratory infections in children up to 2 years old in the City of Belém, Pará State, Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: As Infecções Respiratórias Agudas (IRA) permanecem como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Essas infecções são associadas a diversos patógenos sendo os vírus os prevalentes. Recentemente, foi descrito na literatura um novo parvovírus denominado Bocavírus Humano (HBoV). Investigações ainda são escassas na associação deste novo agente a casos de IRA na população em geral. Neste contexto, o presente artigo relata a pesquisa do HBoV em um segmento populacional da Amazônia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Neste estudo, foram analisadas amostras de aspirado nasofaríngeo de pacientes com diagnóstico de IRA atendidos ambulatorialmente na Cidade de Belém, Pará, Brasil. A pesquisa, com a identificação laboratorial do vírus, foi realizada mediante o emprego da técnica de reação em cadeia mediada pela polimerase, utilizando pares de oligonucleotídeos específicos, seguida da análise filogenética das sequências nucleotídicas encontradas. RESULTADOS: Das 397 amostras clínicas analisadas, encontrou-se positividade em amostras de três pacientes, sendo um destes em coinfecção com o vírus respiratório sincicial. DISCUSSÃO: O percentual de positividade obtido na investigação se revelou inferior ao descrito na literatura. Entretanto, vale ressaltar que os estudos já publicados envolveram pacientes hospitalizados, diferentemente do grupo populacional presentemente abordado. As análises filogenéticas realizadas evidenciaram expressiva similaridade dos vírus encontrados com as cepas virais já descritas. CONCLUSÃO: A presente pesquisa se caracteriza como o primeiro relato associando o HBoV à IRA na Região Amazônica.

INTRODUCTION: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are one of the main public health problems in the world. Most of these infections are associated with several pathogens, and viruses are the most prevalent agents. Recently, a new parvovirus named Human Bocavirus (HBoV) has been described. Investigations on the relationship between this new agent and cases of ARI in individuals are still scarce. Herein, we review a study of HBoV in a population segment in the Amazon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, samples of nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients with ARI treated in Health Care Units in Belém, Brazil, were analyzed. Identification of the virus was carried out by polymerase chain reaction using pairs of specific oligonucleotides, followed by phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences obtained. RESULTS: Of the 397 samples studied, three specimens were HBoV-positive, and one presented as a co-infection with the respiratory syncytial virus.DISCUSSION: The positivity rate obtained in this investigation was lower than that described in other studies; however, previous studies involved hospitalized patients, which constitute a different population group. The phylogenetic analyses revealed a significant similarity between the virus strains found and those previously described. CONCLUSION: This is the first report associating HBoV with ARI in the Amazon.

Low frequency of human papillomavirus detection in prostate tissue from individuals from Northern Brazil.

The presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) was evaluated in 65 samples of prostate tumours and six samples of prostates with benign prostatic hyperplasia from individuals from Northern Brazil. We used a highly sensitive test, the Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test, to detect 37 high and low-risk HPV types. In this study, only 3% of tumour samples showed HPV infection. Our findings support the conclusion that, despite the high incidence of HPV infection in the geographic regions studied, HPV was not associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the frequency of HPV detection in prostatic tissue of individuals from Brazil.

Low frequency of human papillomavirus detection in prostate tissue from individuals from Northern Brazil

The presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) was evaluated in 65 samples of prostate tumours and six samples of prostates with benign prostatic hyperplasia from individuals from Northern Brazil. We used a highly sensitive test, the Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test, to detect 37 high and low-risk HPV types. In this study, only 3 percent of tumour samples showed HPV infection. Our findings support the conclusion that, despite the high incidence of HPV infection in the geographic regions studied, HPV was not associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the frequency of HPV detection in prostatic tissue of individuals from Brazil.

Inquérito soroepidemiológico para os vírus influenza em Belém, Pará, Brasil, 1992-1993 / Seroepidemiological survey for influenza virus in Belém, Pará, Brasil, 1992-1993

Um estudo soroepidemiológico foi realizado para determinar a prevalência de anticorpos IH para os sorotipos de influenza circulantes entre pacientes atendidos no Laboratório de Virologia do IEC, em Belém, Pa, Brasil, em 1992 e 1993. Um total de 179 (11 por cento) amostras de sangue foi coletado durante período pós-epidêmico e processado pelo teste da Inibiçäo da Hemaglutinaçäo para os vírus da influenza A/Taiwan/1/86 (HINI), A/Beijing/353/89 (H3N2) e B/Yamagatal/16/88. Os resultados indicaram a circulaçäo de vírus antigenicamente relacionados aos três sorotipos pesquisados. Em 1992, altas taxas de soropositividade foram observadas para as cepas HINI (84 por cento) e H3N2 (56 por cento), bem como anticorpos IH foram detectados em todas as faixas de idade, sugerindo intensa circulaçäo desses vírus. No mesmo ano, a atividade da influenza B revelou-se em níveis moderados. A prevalência de anticorpos IH para os vírus H1N1, em 1993, foi similar à observada em 1992, indicando a circulaçäo desses vírus em ambos os anos. Um aumento na prevalência dos vírus H3N2, em 1993, sugere que a cepa A/Beijing/353/89 (ou uma antigenicamente relacionada) também circulou intensamente naquele ano. Do mesmo modo, a atividade dos vírus da influenza B aumentou em 1993, como apontam as infecçöes em todas as idades, particularmente entre os adultos jovens.