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1.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 29(26): 40204-40212, 2022 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35119632

ABSTRACT

Stressing agents can cause morphophysiological and behavioural changes in several animals, including birds, which are good study models for environmental biomonitoring. The heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L) is an efficient indicator of chronic stresses in birds. In this study, we aimed to compare the H/L ratio of birds between the areas with different levels of urbanisation, anthropogenic noise and carbon monoxide (CO) emission rates. A total of 1288 birds were captured in six Cerrado forest fragments between 2013 and 2019, from which we took blood samples to produce blood smears. In each of these fragments, the noise level was measured with a sound pressure level metre. The CO rates were obtained from the National Institute for Space Research database (INPE-Brazil). There was a higher H/L ratio in individuals captured in urban areas or close to urbanisation with high anthropogenic noise levels and high CO rates, and a lower H/L ratio in individuals from preserved areas, far from urban environments with low noise levels and low CO rates. Six species (Antilophia galeata, Leoptopogon amaurocephalus, Cnemotriccus fuscatus, Lathrotriccus euleri, Turdus leucomelas and Eucometis penicillata) showed a significant difference between the areas and followed the pattern shown by the individuals. The present study showed that birds living in the urban and peri-urban sites have higher values of H/L ratio than birds from rural sites. These results suggest that the H/L ratio can be used as an environmental biomonitoring tool and an efficient parameter to assess chronic stress in birds in degraded environments.


Subject(s)
Passeriformes , Songbirds , Animals , Brazil , Environmental Pollution , Lymphocytes , Urbanization
2.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 29(10): 14279-14287, 2022 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34606051

ABSTRACT

Free-living birds play an important role as bioindicators in natural environments. In this study, we used the micronucleus test and nuclear erythrocyte abnormalities to investigate the difference in the genotoxic damage frequency between animals in agricultural areas (soybean planting) in relation to the conserved area. It was also discussed the bird's eating habits, which are important for ecotoxicological analysis. The results point to a difference between the insectivorous, granivorous, and omnivorous guilds. The omnivore Gnorimopsar chopi was the species that most exhibited micronucleus frequency in the protected area. In the agricultural area, the animals did not differ in the genotoxic damage frequency. In the comparison between common species in both environments, G. chopi from the agricultural area showed a micronuclei frequency almost three times higher in relation to specimens collected in the conserved area. Based on these results, this study adds to the efforts of using the micronucleus test as a simple and accessible tool for biomonitoring the wild fauna. It can be concluded that the passerine, G. chopi, due to its higher genotoxic damage frequency may be a strong candidate to indicate environmental health.


Subject(s)
Animals, Wild , Birds/genetics , DNA Damage , Micronucleus Tests , Agriculture , Animals , Animals, Wild/genetics , Brazil , Ecotoxicology , Environmental Monitoring , Passeriformes/genetics
3.
Biota Neotrop. (Online, Ed. ingl.) ; 22(1): e20211305, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1364390

ABSTRACT

Abstract: We analyzed the overlap of the range of Pygochelidon melanoleuca in Brazil with active and planned hydropower plants in the country (current and future scenarios). We used the Random Forest, Maxent and Support Vector Machine algorithms to model the potential range of the species, which we then overlapped with the locations of active and planned hydropower plants in order to calculate how much the potential area of this species is and will be affected by them. Approximately 35% of active hydropower plants currently overlap with the potential distribution area of P. melanoleuca, and 44% of planned hydropower plants also coincide with this area. If the implementation of the planned hydropower plants occurs, the suitable habitat necessary for nesting and foraging of P. melanoleuca will be severely compromised.


Resumo: Analisamos a sobreposição da distribuição de Pygochelidon melanoleuca no Brasil com hidrelétricas ativas e planejadas no país (cenário atual e futuro). Utilizamos os algoritmos Random Forest, Maxent e Support Vector Machine para modelar a distribuição potencial da espécie, então sobrepomos com os locais das usinas hidrelétricas ativas e planejadas para calcular o quanto a área potencial desta espécie é e será afetada por elas. Aproximadamente 35% das hidrelétricas ativas estão sobrepostas com a área de distribuição potencial de P. melanoleuca e 44% das hidrelétricas planejadas coincidem com sua área. Se a implementação das hidrelétricas planejadas ocorrer, o habitat necessário para nidificação e forrageamento de P. melanoleuca estarão severamente comprometidos.

4.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 27(35): 44650-44655, 2020 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32666446

ABSTRACT

Air pollution can generate changes in the morphology, physiology, and behavior of several animals, including birds, which, when responding to such environmental changes, can be used as biomonitors. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of erythrocyte nuclear anomalies comprise a useful tool for biomonitoring, with anucleated erythrocytes, called erythroplastids, being particularly significant. The objectives of the present study were to quantify the presence of erythroplastids in Antilophia galeata and relate their presence to distance from the nearest urban environment. Blood smears were analyzed for 80 individuals of A. galeata captured between June 2013 and October 2018 in five Cerrado forest fragments of different sizes and with different influences from urbanization. The quantity of erythroplastids differed among areas, with it being greater in fragments within a proximity with urban, and less in highly preserved areas far from an urban environment. Quantification of erythroplastids in A. galeata proved to be a useful tool for monitoring air quality.


Subject(s)
Air Pollutants , Air Pollution , Passeriformes , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/analysis , Animals , Environmental Monitoring , Forests , Humans , Urbanization
5.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 171: 631-637, 2019 Apr 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30658298

ABSTRACT

The urbanization contributes to environment contamination, mainly by the increased vehicle traffic. This intense traffic releases in the air chemical compounds with mutagenic properties that can affect the entire ecosystem. The birds for the flight accumulate air, absorbing gases or particles. The absorption of this polluted air may be causative agent responsible for micronucleus (MN) induction in bird erythrocytes. The quantitative analysis of MN in birds can assists in the monitoring environmental quality of various places. The study aimed to quantify the MN frequency in birds and compare their variation: I) among forest fragments distant from and near to urbanization, II) among species and populations of birds and III) to find if there is a relation between vehicle traffic and MN induction. The capture of the birds took place in four forest fragments in central Brazil (two distant and two near the city) using mist nets. Blood smears were prepared with blood collected from the tarso-metatarsal vein. A total of 354 individuals were analyzed and MN were found in 52% of the individuals analyzed. All sampled birds were identified and resulted to belong to 50 different species, only 4 of which were captured in all the 4 forest fragments. The average MN frequency, regardless of bird species and sampling area, was 1.04/10,000 erythrocytes. From an overall analysis carried out on all birds, the MN frequencies were found to vary among forest fragments distant from and near to urbanization (x2 =15.513; p < 0.001) and demonstrated positive correlation between vehicle traffic intensity and the MN frequency (r = 0.988; df=2; p = 0.011). The species of birds presented variation in the amount of MN (x2 = 84.64; df=49; p = 0.001). Therefore, a restricted analysis carried out on the 4 species of birds present in all the forest fragments showed that the populations of Antilophia galeata (x2 =6.029; p = 0.014), Basileuterus culicivorus (x2 =9.53; p = 0.002), Eucometis penicillata (x2 =8.067; p = 0.005) and Myiothlypis flaveola (x2 =4.771; p = 0.029) showed difference in the MN frequency, when compared between forest fragments distant from and near to cities. The analysis demonstrated that birds living in forest areas near to the city presented higher MN frequency, probably because pollutants generated by urbanization affect birds and that the larger the vehicle traffic the greater the induced MN in the birds.


Subject(s)
Air Pollution/adverse effects , Birds , Forests , Micronucleus Tests , Urbanization , Animals , Brazil , Cities , Ecosystem , Environmental Biomarkers , Environmental Monitoring , Erythrocytes , Male , Passeriformes
6.
Environ Pollut ; 235: 983-992, 2018 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29751402

ABSTRACT

The structure and organization of acoustic signals arise through evolutionary processes and adaptive pressures on each species. During learning, natural or anthropogenic factors, such as high noise levels in urban areas, pose challenges to acoustic communication in birds. Many species adjust their acoustic signals to higher noise levels by increasing the frequency of vocalizations. The objectives of this study were to compare the dominant frequency of songs among birds dwelling in forest fragments distant from and near to urban areas, establish correlations between the dominant frequency of song and noise levels in these environments and verified the difference of response between oscines, suboscines and non-passerines. We recorded vocalizations of birds between July/2013 and November/2014 in four forest fragments, two of them near and two distant from urban areas. We used Audacity software to measure the dominant frequency. We measured the ambient noise by a calibrated sound pressure level meter in decibels (dBA) in each of the forest fragments. We analyzed 3740 vocalizations of nine tropical bird species. Forest fragments near to urban areas have higher noise levels than more distant forest fragments. Eight of nine studied species presented higher dominant frequencies of songs in forest fragments near to urban areas. Only one species, Myiothlypis flaveola, did not change the dominant frequency of song between the four analyzed forest fragments. The difference in dominant frequency between the forest fragments distant and closer to the urban areas did not vary between oscines, suboscines and non-passerines. Eight tropical birds exhibited higher dominant frequencies of song in forest fragments near urban areas with high level of ambient noise. Oscine, suboscine and non-passerine showed song variations. Bird species that have differences in the vocalization dominant frequency can be used in environmental monitoring and in ethological studies, as they are sensitive to high noise levels. Noise pollution caused by the vehicular traffic and urbanization are correlates with changes in the vocalization of tropical birds in forest fragments.


Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring , Noise , Songbirds/physiology , Vocalization, Animal/physiology , Acoustics , Animals , Biological Evolution , Forests , Learning , Urbanization
7.
Acta sci., Biol. sci ; 40: 40041-40041, 20180000. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1460822

ABSTRACT

Fruit colour is considered an important feature mediating interactions between plants and frugivorous birds. Despite that, colour mediated interactions are context-dependent, and habitat disturbances may affect how frugivorous birds perceive fruit colours. This study assessed the influence of fruit colour and edge effect on the consumption of artificial fruits by frugivorous birds in three disturbed semideciduous forests in southeastern Brazil. In each of those areas, we performed a field experiment in which we placed artificial fruits of three different colours on plants and recorded their consumption by birds. Red-coloured fruits were ingested more often than yellow, but neither of them was consumed differently from dark-blue. Edge effect only affected consumption of yellow fruits. Our data neither support the hypothesis of preferential consumption of the highest contrasting colours nor of increased fruit consumption in the forest interior. These findings indicate that colour and edge effects, as well as the interaction between them, may not be strong predictors of fruit choice by birds in disturbed environments, especially because generalist species, which are less sensitive to the physical alterations in forests, are favoured in these areas.


A cor dos frutos é importante nas interações entre plantas e aves. Apesar disso, as interações mediadas por cores são contexto-dependentes e as alterações no habitat podem afetar a maneira como os frugívoros percebem a coloração dos frutos. Este estudo avaliou a influência da cor e do efeito de borda no consumo de frutos artificiais por aves em três florestas semidecíduas degradadas no sudeste brasileiro. Em cada uma dessas áreas, foi conduzido um experimento no qual foram colocados frutos artificiais de três cores diferentes nas plantas e foi registrado o seu consumo pelas aves. Os frutos vermelhos foram mais consumidos do que os amarelos, mas nenhum deles foi consumido mais frequentemente do que os azulescuros. O efeito de borda afetou apenas o consumo de frutos amarelos. Nossos dados não suportam as hipóteses de consumo preferencial da coloração mais contrastante nem do aumento do consumo de frutos no interior dos fragmentos. Estes resultados indicam que a cor dos frutos, o efeito de borda e a interação entre estes dois fatores, não são fortes preditores da escolha do fruto por aves em ambientes degradados, principalmente pela ocorrência de espécies generalistas nestas áreas, que são menos sensíveis às alterações físicas nos fragmentos.


Subject(s)
Birds/physiology , Nutrition Ecology , Fruit/anatomy & histology
8.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 32(2): 514-523, mar./abr. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-965373

ABSTRACT

Vertical artificial structures can serve as artificial roosts attracting birds and increase the seed rain. The purpose of this work was to study the efficiency of different types of artificial roosts as seed dispersal nuclei in a cerrado (Neotropical savannah) area under natural regeneration. Three types of artificial roosts were installed ("X", "3X" and "wire") and the species of birds using them and plant species in the seed rain were monitored for a year. The efficiency of the roosts was measured by comparing the seed rain with natural roosts (control). We recorded 760 individuals of 24 species of birds on the artificial roosts. There were more dispersed seeds under artificial roosts than under natural roosts .We collected 607 samples of feces, 569 under artificial roosts (containing 5252 seeds) and 38 under natural roosts (containing 228 seeds). The seeds were of 21 species/morphospecies. The 3X roost was the most used by birds, but the seed rain was similar between 3X and X roosts. We also recorded more seeds under artificial roosts than under natural roosts. Cyanocorax cristatellus (Curl-crested jay), an omnivorous bird, was the most frequent bird recorded at the artificial roosts and seeds of Miconia species were dominant in the seed rain. Artificial roosts were efficient as seed dispersal nuclei and can be adopted as a method to accelerate the regeneration of degraded areas. Research that focuses on artificial roost structure and the factors that influence the seed rain is useful to define targeted and more efficient strategies to habitat restoration.


Estruturas artificiais dispostas verticalmente podem funcionar como poleiros artificiais, atrair aves e incrementar a chuva de sementes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência de diferentes tipos de poleiros artificiais como núcleos de dispersão de sementes em uma área de cerrado stricto sensu em processo de regeneração natural. Foram instalados três tipos de poleiros artificiais (X, 3X e Fio) e estes foram monitorados ao longo de um ano em relação às espécies de aves que os utilizarm e espécies de plantas presentes na chuva de sementes. A eficiência destes poleiros foi medida através da comparação da chuva de sementes com poleiros naturais (controle). Foram registrados 760 indivíduos de 24 espécies de aves nos poleiros artificiais. Foram coletadas 607 amostras de fezes, sendo 569 sob os poleiros artificiais (contendo 5252 sementes) e 38 sob os poleiros naturais (contendo 228 sementes). As sementes pertenciam a 21 espécies / morfoespécies de plantas. O poleiro 3X foi o mais utilizado pelas aves, mas a chuva de sementes foi semelhante entre os poleiros 3X e X. Havia mais sementes dispersas sob os poleiros artificiais do que sob poleiros naturais. Cyanocorax cristatellus (gralha-do-campo), uma ave onívora, foi a mais frequente utilizando os poleiros artificiais como ponto de pouso. Miconia spp. foram dominantes na chuva de sementes. Poleiros artificiais foram eficientes como núcleos de dispersão de sementes e pode ser adotado como um método para acelerar a regeneração de áreas degradadas. Pesquisas que enfoquem a estrutura dos poleiros artificiais e os fatores que podem influenciar a chuva de sementes sob estes poleiros merecem atenção especial, pois podem definir estratégias direcionadas e mais eficientes para o processo de restauração ambiental.


Subject(s)
Seeds , Grassland , Melastomataceae , Seed Dispersal
9.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf ; 115: 223-8, 2015 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25706087

ABSTRACT

Birds are considered efficient bioindicators, by their behavioral characteristics, diversified diet, and use of several vegetation layers, including in contaminated environments. The accumulation of contaminants can harm the reproductive process and survival of species, in addition to causing severe metabolic disorders. Air pollution can also affect the birds' health. Micronucleus analysis, a technique able to evaluate the organisms' sensitivity to contaminant agents, has been regarded as a practical tool for evaluating and monitoring the clastogenic and aneugenic effects caused by pollutants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of micronuclei in bird species that use forest environments and their surroundings; and to verify if the frequency and amount of micronuclei varies between species, areas and populations. Birds transiting between the Brazilian Cerrado forest and open formations were analyzed, coming from four forest fragments of Triângulo Mineiro, two close to urban areas and two more distant. Birds were captured with mist-nets for collecting blood extensions, which were used for counting micronuclei. In total, 103 individuals of 21 species were captured, and the micronucleus rate for every 5000 erythrocytes analyzed was 1.30. Only six populations had sampling sufficiency. There was no difference between the number of individuals with and without micronuclei (χ²=3.18, df=1, p=0.08). In areas closer to the urban perimeter, the micronuclei averages in birds were greater compared to the most isolated areas (H=27.534, df=3, p<0,001). In São José, the individuals of Myiothlypis flaveola presented a number of micronuclei significantly greater than the Galheiro and Água Fria (H=9.601, df=2, p=0.008). M. flaveola clearly reflected the area quality. The micronuclei analysis in birds was effective for evaluating the area quality as well as the intensity with which the birds respond to impacts caused by the surrounding matrix.


Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , Birds , Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective , Mutagens/toxicity , Animals , Brazil , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Erythrocytes/ultrastructure , Forests , Micronucleus Tests
10.
Rev Bras Parasitol Vet ; 22(1): 46-52, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23471429

ABSTRACT

We report tick infestations on birds, in the environment and on domestic animals in a non-forested phytophysiognomy, the savanna-like Cerrado sensu stricto, in a natural reserve on the outskirts of the urban area of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Overall, 238 birds within 50 species, 15 families and six orders were caught. Passeriformes were the most numerous, with 216 birds (90.75%), among which 22 had ticks (n = 31). Within this order, the prevalence of tick infestation was 10.2%, and the abundance and mean intensity were 0.14 and 1.41, respectively. Only immature ticks of the species Amblyomma nodosum were found on the birds. The tick species found both on animals (Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Amblyomma cajennense and Dermacentor nitens) and in the environment (Amblyomma dubitatum, Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus and Amblyomma cajennense) were as expected. This difference in tick species between the environment and birds possibly occurred because the sampling of the environment was limited to the ground. This study also highlights the importance of the diverse microenvironments used by ticks and hosts in the same area and the complex ecology of bird-tick relationships. Ecological and epidemiological aspects of the findings are discussed.


Subject(s)
Bird Diseases/parasitology , Tick Infestations/veterinary , Animals , Brazil , Grassland
11.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 22(1): 46-52, Jan.-Mar. 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: lil-671613

ABSTRACT

We report tick infestations on birds, in the environment and on domestic animals in a non-forested phytophysiognomy, the savanna-like Cerrado sensu stricto, in a natural reserve on the outskirts of the urban area of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Overall, 238 birds within 50 species, 15 families and six orders were caught. Passeriformes were the most numerous, with 216 birds (90.75%), among which 22 had ticks (n = 31). Within this order, the prevalence of tick infestation was 10.2%, and the abundance and mean intensity were 0.14 and 1.41, respectively. Only immature ticks of the species Amblyomma nodosum were found on the birds. The tick species found both on animals (Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Amblyomma cajennense and Dermacentor nitens) and in the environment (Amblyomma dubitatum, Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus and Amblyomma cajennense) were as expected. This difference in tick species between the environment and birds possibly occurred because the sampling of the environment was limited to the ground. This study also highlights the importance of the diverse microenvironments used by ticks and hosts in the same area and the complex ecology of bird-tick relationships. Ecological and epidemiological aspects of the findings are discussed.


Nesse trabalho relatam-se infestações de carrapatos em aves, meio ambiente e em animais domésticos em uma fitofisionomia não florestal, o Cerrado stricto sensu, de uma reserva natural na periferia da área urbana de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para tal, 238 aves de 50 espécies foram capturadas, pertencentes a 15 famílias e seis ordens. Passeriforme foi a mais numerosa, com 216 indivíduos (90,75%), dos quais 22 estavam parasitados com 31 carrapatos. Nos Passeriformes a prevalência de infestação de carrapatos foi de 10,2%, a abundância e intensidade média foi de 0,14 e 1,41, respectivamente. Apenas carrapatos imaturos da espécie Amblyomma nodosum foram encontrados em aves. As espécies de carrapatos encontradas tanto em animais (Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Amblyomma cajennense, Dermacentor nitens) como no ambiente (Amblyomma dubitatum, Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus, Amblyomma cajennense) foram aquelas já esperadas. Esta diferença de espécies de carrapatos entre ambiente e de aves possivelmente ocorreu porque a amostragem do ambiente se restringiu ao solo. Esse estudo também destaca a importância dos diversos microambientes usados por carrapatos e hospedeiros em uma mesma área e a complexa ecologia das relações ave-carrapato. Aspectos ecológicos e epidemiológicos dos achados são discutidos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Tick Infestations/epidemiology , Bird Diseases/parasitology , Tick Infestations/veterinary , Brazil , Grassland
12.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 25(6): 149-164, nov.-dec. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-545500

ABSTRACT

A Reserva Ecológica Panga é uma das principais unidades de conservação de Cerrado da região do Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Neste estudo determinou-se a riqueza e avaliou-se a composição da avifauna nas diferentes fitofisionomias da reserva. Foram realizadas treze campanhas percorrendo-se trilhas existentes na reserva (entre abril de 2006 e junho de 2008), totalizando 216 horas. As observações foram iniciadas logo após o nascer do sol e finalizadas quatro horas após. Também foram realizados sete dias de capturas com redes de neblina, utilizando-se anilhas cedidas pelo CEMAVE/IBAMA. Foram registradas 231 espécies de aves, distribuídas em 21 ordens, 51 famílias e 184 gêneros. As ordens mais representativas foram Passeriformes (127 espécies, 54,98%) e Falconiformes (16 spp; 6,93%). A família Tyrannidae apresentou o maior número de espécies (39; 16,88%). As dietas predominantes foram: insetívora (84 spp; 36,36%) e onívora (67; 29,00%). Foram registradas nove espécies endêmicas do Bioma Cerrado: Alipiopsitta xanthops, Melanopareia torquata, Herpsilochmus longirostris, Hylocryptus rectirostris, Antilophia galeata, Cyanocorax cristatellus, Neothraupis fasciata, Basileuterus leucophrys e Saltator atricollis. Houve um aumento significativo da riqueza da avifauna na área estudada. Contudo, enfatizamos a baixa representatividade de nectarívoros, frugívoros e carnívoros entre as aves observadas, uma vez que esses grupos incluem as espécies mais sensíveis às mudanças ambientais.


The Panga Ecological Reserve is one of most important unit of conservation of Cerrado in the Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paraníba region, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Different physiognomies were investigated (forest, savanna, campaign and vereda) during thirteen field campaigns, totaling nine days (216 hours), from april 2006 to june 2008. The species were registered during walks along the existent trails. The observations initiated soon after the sunrise and were concluded four hours later. Captures were done during seven days as a complementary tool, using mistnets. A total of 231 bird species were observed, distributed in 21 orders, 51 families and 184 genders. Passeriformes and Falconiformes were the most representative orders (127 species, 54.98% and 16, 6.93%, respectively). Tyrannidae was the family with the largest number of species (39, 16.88%). The most common diets were insectivorous (84 species, 36.36%) and omnivorous (67, 29.00%). Nine endemic species of Cerrado were registered: Alipiopsitta xanthops, Melanopareia torquata, Herpsilochmus longirostris, Hylocryptus rectirostris, Antilophia galeata, Cyanocorax cristatellus, Neothraupis fasciata, Basileuterus leucophrys e Saltator atricollis. There was a sensitive increase of the avifauna richness in the studied area. Although, we emphasize the low representativeness of nectarivorous, frugivorous and carnivorous species, since these groups include the more sensitive birds to the environmental changes.


Subject(s)
Animals , Birds/classification , Biodiversity , Birds , Brazil , Grassland
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