Decreased relative risk of pneumococcal pneumonia during the last decade, a nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is one of the most common pathogens of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), but recent reports suggest that its incidence may be declining in relation to the use of the conjugate 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine in children. We compared the result of the immunochromatographic SP urinary antigen test (SPUAT) and clinical outcomes in patients with CAP admitted in two periods of time: 2001-2002(CAP1) and 2015-2016(CAP2). METHODS: This was a matched nested case-control study of two prospectively recorded cohorts of patients admitted with CAP, with SPUAT and blood culture performed in all patients. CAP2 cases and CAP1 controls were matched for age ± 4 years, sex, and Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) score ± 10 points. Odds ratios (OR) for having SPUAT positive was estimated by conditional logistic regression. A multivariate model assessed the contribution of individual variables. RESULTS: Four hundred ninety-eight patients were recruited; 307 during the CAP1 and 191 during the CAP2 periods. Comparing both periods we observed differences, in age, PSI score, and the percentage of smokers, outpatients, previously immunized with pneumococcal vaccine, and positive SPUAT. On the other hand, mortality, admission from nursing homes, pneumococcal bacteremia and hospital admission were not different. After matching, pneumonia due to SP per the SPUAT was observed in 34(23.4%) of CAP1 and in 12(8.3%) of CAP2 patients (p < 0.001), and 6/145 CAP1 vs 33/145 CAP2 patients had received pneumococcal immunization before their admission (p < 0.001). A multivariate analysis confirmed that, independent of falling into PSI class 5, having not received the pneumococcal vaccine and having not survived the episode of pneumonia, there were two factors that increased the probability of having SPUAT positive: developing pneumonia during the CAP1 period (OR = 1.23) and having pneumococcal bacteremia (OR = 2.66). CONCLUSION: We observed a reduction of the role of SP as pathogen, along with an increase in the number of patients who received pneumococcal immunization before admission, in 2015-2016 compared to 2001-2002. In addition, the use of conjugate 13-valent vaccine, starting in 2012 for childhood immunization, could be an additional factor contributing to these changes, as a result of early herd immunity in adults pneumonia.

The Impact of Age and Comorbidities on the Mortality of Patients of Different Age Groups Admitted with Community-acquired Pneumonia.

RATIONALE: Comorbidities, age, severity of illness, and high risk pathogens are well-known outcome determinants in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). How these factors interact has not yet been clarified. OBJECTIVES: We conducted this study to analyze the complex interaction of comorbidities, age, illness severity, and pathogens in relation to CAP. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization database to evaluate the impact of age in different age groups (<65, 65-79, and ≥80 yr), comorbidities (malignant disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal and liver disease, cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure, and diabetes mellitus), severity of illness at admission, and etiology on the mortality of patients admitted to the hospital with CAP. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 6,205 patients met the inclusion criteria, and 508 (8.2%) died within 30 days. Factors independently associated with mortality were malignant disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, altered mental status, hypoxemia, pleural effusion, hematocrit less than 30%, requirement for mechanical ventilation, and being age 80 years and older. A total of 1,699 pathogens were defined in 1,545 cases; the etiology was the same for all age groups. In the overall population, mortality increased with age, but etiology was not associated with mortality. When we analyzed the patients with one comorbidity or less, we found that mortality was not different between patients younger than 65 old and those 65-79 years old, but it was higher for those aged 80 years and older. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of comorbidities is associated with poorer outcomes in CAP. However, when one comorbidity or less was present, we found that being age 80 years or older was a factor that increased mortality. From a clinical standpoint, this study suggests that being age 80 years or older, instead of age 65 years and older, should be considered a risk factor for poor outcome in CAP.

Incidencia de la resistencia a drogas en tuberculosis y su asociación a comorbilidades en pacientes tratados en un hospital universitario / Incidence of tuberculosis drug resistance and its association with other diseases in patients treated in a University Hospital

La tuberculosis constituye un problema de salud pública con mayor incidencia en países pobres y presenta dos aspectos a considerar. Las comorbilidades que se comportan como factores de riesgo predisponentes de enfermedad tuberculosa, que pueden complicar su evolución y tratamiento. Por otra parte la resistencia a drogas antituberculosas de primera línea constituye una amenaza para el control de la TB. Con el objetivo de determinar la incidencia de las entidades comórbidas en pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis y la frecuencia de casos con resistencia a drogas se incluyeron en el estudio los pacientes mayores de 16 años con tuberculosis confirmada en el Hospital de Clínicas "San José de San Martín". Se utilizó el programa SSPS 15 para el análisis estadístico. Entre abril de 1997 y marzo del 2010, 687 pacientes fueron tratados por TB confirmada. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron: tabaquismo 14%; enolismo 4.8%; neoplasias 3.3%; EPOC y asma 5.6%; enfermedades hematológicas 2%; enfermedades autoinmunes 3.3%; diabetes 3%; VIH 6.5%; IRC 1.2%. El tabaquismo se presentó más frecuentemente asociado a la forma pulmonar estricta (p = 0.079), a diferencia de las enfermedades autoinmunes y hematológicas que se presentaron como formas miliares (p = 0.001) y VIH como formas mixtas (p = 0.002). La resistencia se presentó más frecuentemente en enfermedades autoinmunes (4%) y HIV (2%), sin valor significativo (p = 0.779). Del total de los pacientes, se detectó un n = 47 (6.8%) con algún tipo de resistencia a las drogas. En los últimos 4 años se detectaron 2 casos de XDR. No se encontró asociación significativa entre los diferentes tipos de resistencias con la presencia de comorbilidades. Sólo se registró un óbito en un paciente con XDR. La presencia de tratamiento previo (p = 0.001) y las formas bacilíferas (p = 0.016) fueron los factores asociados a un incremento de la resistencia.

Tuberculosis is a public health problem with a higher incidence in poor countries. There are two aspects to consider: co-morbidities which are risk factors for tuberculosis, complicating its evolution and treatment, and resistance to first line drugs which is a threat to tuberculosis control. The objective of the paper was to identify the co-morbidities and the frequency of drug resistance in tuberculosis patients. The study included patients older than 16 years of age with diagnosis of tuberculosis at the Hospital de Clinicas San Jose de San Martin in Buenos Aires. The SSPS 15 program was used for the statistical analysis. From April 1997 to March 2010, 687 patients were treated for confirmed tuberculosis. The most frequent co-morbidities were: tobacco smoking habit 14%; alcoholism 4.8%; cancer 3.3%; COPD and asthma 5.6%; blood diseases 2%; autoimmune diseases 3.3%; diabetes 3%; HIV infection 6.5%; IRC 1.2%. The tobacco smoking habit was more frequently associated to pulmonary tuberculosis (p = 0.079), instead the autoimmune and blood diseases were mostly associated to miliary tuberculosis (p = 0.001) and the HIV infection to tuberculosis in several organs (p = 0.002). Drug resistance was more frequent when autoimmune diseases (4%) and HIV infection (2%) were present, but without reaching statistical significance (p = 0.779). Resistance to at least one drug was present in 47 patients (6.8%). In the last 4 years, 2 cases of extremely drug resistant tuberculosis were detected. There was no significant association between the type of drug resistance and the co-morbidities. Only one death was registered in a patient with extremely drug resistant tuberculosis. Previous treatment (p = 0.001) and sputum positive tuberculosis (p = 0.016) were factors associated to increased drug resistance.

Incidencia de la resistencia a drogas en tuberculosis y su asociación a comorbilidades en pacientes tratados en un hospital universitario

La tuberculosis constituye un problema de salud pública con mayor incidencia en países pobres y presenta dos aspectos a considerar. Las comorbilidades que se comportan como factores de riesgo predisponentes de enfermedad tuberculosa, que pueden complicar su evolución y tratamiento. Por otra parte la resistencia a drogas antituberculosas de primera línea constituye una amenaza para el control de la TB. Con el objetivo de determinar la incidencia de las entidades comórbidas en pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis y la frecuencia de casos con resistencia a drogas se incluyeron en el estudio los pacientes mayores de 16 años con tuberculosis confirmada en el Hospital de Clínicas "San José de San Martín". Se utilizó el programa SSPS 15 para el análisis estadístico. Entre abril de 1997 y marzo del 2010, 687 pacientes fueron tratados por TB confirmada. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron: tabaquismo 14%; enolismo 4.8%; neoplasias 3.3%; EPOC y asma 5.6%; enfermedades hematológicas 2%; enfermedades autoinmunes 3.3%; diabetes 3%; VIH 6.5%; IRC 1.2%. El tabaquismo se presentó más frecuentemente asociado a la forma pulmonar estricta (p = 0.079), a diferencia de las enfermedades autoinmunes y hematológicas que se presentaron como formas miliares (p = 0.001) y VIH como formas mixtas (p = 0.002). La resistencia se presentó más frecuentemente en enfermedades autoinmunes (4%) y HIV (2%), sin valor significativo (p = 0.779). Del total de los pacientes, se detectó un n = 47 (6.8%) con algún tipo de resistencia a las drogas. En los últimos 4 años se detectaron 2 casos de XDR. No se encontró asociación significativa entre los diferentes tipos de resistencias con la presencia de comorbilidades. Sólo se registró un óbito en un paciente con XDR. La presencia de tratamiento previo (p = 0.001) y las formas bacilíferas (p = 0.016) fueron los factores asociados a un incremento de la resistencia.(AU)

Tuberculosis is a public health problem with a higher incidence in poor countries. There are two aspects to consider: co-morbidities which are risk factors for tuberculosis, complicating its evolution and treatment, and resistance to first line drugs which is a threat to tuberculosis control. The objective of the paper was to identify the co-morbidities and the frequency of drug resistance in tuberculosis patients. The study included patients older than 16 years of age with diagnosis of tuberculosis at the Hospital de Clinicas San Jose de San Martin in Buenos Aires. The SSPS 15 program was used for the statistical analysis. From April 1997 to March 2010, 687 patients were treated for confirmed tuberculosis. The most frequent co-morbidities were: tobacco smoking habit 14%; alcoholism 4.8%; cancer 3.3%; COPD and asthma 5.6%; blood diseases 2%; autoimmune diseases 3.3%; diabetes 3%; HIV infection 6.5%; IRC 1.2%. The tobacco smoking habit was more frequently associated to pulmonary tuberculosis (p = 0.079), instead the autoimmune and blood diseases were mostly associated to miliary tuberculosis (p = 0.001) and the HIV infection to tuberculosis in several organs (p = 0.002). Drug resistance was more frequent when autoimmune diseases (4%) and HIV infection (2%) were present, but without reaching statistical significance (p = 0.779). Resistance to at least one drug was present in 47 patients (6.8%). In the last 4 years, 2 cases of extremely drug resistant tuberculosis were detected. There was no significant association between the type of drug resistance and the co-morbidities. Only one death was registered in a patient with extremely drug resistant tuberculosis. Previous treatment (p = 0.001) and sputum positive tuberculosis (p = 0.016) were factors associated to increased drug resistance.(AU)