How stable are quantitative sensory testing measurements over time? Report on 10-week reliability and agreement of results in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative sensory testing (QST) is a diagnostic tool for the assessment of the somatosensory system. To establish QST as an outcome measure for clinical trials, the question of how similar the measurements are over time is crucial. Therefore, long-term reliability and limits of agreement of the standardized QST protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain were tested. METHODS: QST on the lower back and hand dorsum (dominant hand) were assessed twice in 22 healthy volunteers (10 males and 12 females; mean age: 46.6±13.0 years), with sessions separated by 10.0±2.9 weeks. All measurements were performed by one investigator. To investigate long-term reliability and agreement of QST, differences between the two measurements, correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland-Altman plots (limits of agreement), and standard error of measurement were used. RESULTS: Most parameters of the QST were reliable over 10 weeks in healthy volunteers: Almost-perfect ICCs were observed for heat pain threshold (hand) and mechanical pain sensitivity (back). Substantial ICCs were observed for heat pain threshold (back), pressure pain threshold (back), mechanical pain sensitivity (hand), and vibration detection threshold (back and hand). Some QST parameters, such as cold detection threshold, exhibited low ICCs, but also very low variability. Generally, QST measures exhibited narrow limits of agreement in the Bland-Altman plots. CONCLUSION: The standardized QST protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain is feasible to be used in treatment trials. Moreover, defining a statistically meaningful change is possible, which is a prerequisite for the use of QST in clinical trials as well as in long-term investigations of disease progression.

"Dancing on the edge of research" - What is needed to build and sustain research capacity within the massage therapy profession? A formative evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Conducting research on massage therapy (MT) continues to be a significant challenge. PURPOSE: To explore and identify the structures, processes, and resources required to enable viable, sustainable and high quality MT research activities in the Canadian context. PARTICIPANTS: Academically-based researchers and MT professionals involved in research. RESEARCH DESIGN: Formative evaluation and a descriptive qualitative approach were applied. RESULTS: Five main themes regarding the requirements of a productive and sustainable MT research infrastructure in Canada were identified: 1) core components, 2) variable components, 3) varying perspectives of stakeholder groups, 4) barriers to creating research infrastructure, and 5) negative metaphors. In addition, participants offered a number of recommendations on how to develop such an infrastructure. CONCLUSIONS: While barriers exist that require attention, participants' insights suggest there are various pathways through which a productive and sustainable MT research infrastructure can be achieved.

Relevance of Quality Measurement to Integrative Healthcare in the United States.

With the advent of new models for payment and delivery of healthcare services, the use of quality measures for continual improvement of clinical healthcare is now an integral feature of medical practice in the United States. However, quality measurement and quality improvement activities are not common practice among integrative health providers. This article discusses the import and application of quality measurement to the practice of integrative healthcare. It reviews developments in the healthcare quality improvement movement, explores the relevance of quality measures to integrative healthcare, describes examples of the current use of quality measures in integrative health practice, discusses discriminatory policies that may prevent participation in quality improvement by integrative health practitioners, and makes recommendations for practice and policy.

Stories of Growth and Wisdom: A Mixed-Methods Study of People Living Well With Pain.

Chronic pain remains a daunting clinical challenge, affecting 30% of people in the United States and 20% of the global population. People meeting this challenge by achieving wellbeing while living with pain are a virtually untapped source of wisdom about this persistent problem. Employing a concurrent mixed-methods design, we studied 80 people living with chronic pain with "positive stories to tell" using semi-structured interviews and standardized questionnaires. In-depth interviews focused on what helped, what hindered, how they changed, and advice for others in similar circumstances. Major qualitative themes included acceptance, openness, self-efficacy, hope, perseverance, self-regulation, kinesthetic awareness, holistic approaches and integrative therapies, self-care, spirituality, social support, and therapeutic lifestyle behaviors such as music, writing, art, gardening, and spending time in nature. Themes of growth and wisdom included enhanced relationships, perspective, clarity, strength, gratitude, compassion, new directions, and spiritual change. Based on narrative analysis of the interviews and Ardelt's Three-Dimensional Wisdom Model, participants were divided into 2 groups: 59 wisdom exemplars and 21 nonexemplars. Non-exemplar themes were largely negative and in direct contrast to the exemplar themes. Quantitatively, wisdom exemplars scored significantly higher in Openness and Agreeableness and lower in Neuroticism compared to non-exemplars. Wisdom exemplars also scored higher in Wisdom, Gratitude, Forgiveness, and Posttraumatic Growth than nonexemplars, and more exemplars used integrative therapies compared to the non-exemplars. As a whole, the exemplar narratives illustrate a Positive Approach Model (PAM) for living well with pain, which allows for a more expansive pain narrative, provides positive role models for patients and clinicians, and contributes to a broader theoretical perspective on persistent pain.

El dolor crónico sigue siendo un desafío clínico abrumador, que afecta al 30 % de las personas de los Estados Unidos y al 20 % de la población mundial. Las personas que se enfrentan a este reto logrando bienestar mientras conviven con el dolor son una fuente prácticamente sin explotar de sabiduría sobre este persistente problema. Empleando un diseño concurrente de métodos mixtos, hemos estudiado a 80 personas que viven con dolor crónico con "historias positivas que contar" usando entrevistas semiestructuradas y cuestionarios estándar. Las entrevistas en profundidad se centraron en qué les ayudó, qué les ocasionó dificultades, cómo han cambiado y en consejo para otras personas en circunstancias similares. Los principales temas cualitativos incluían la aceptación, la apertura, la confianza en sus capacidades, la esperanza, la perseverancia, la autorregulación, la conciencia propioceptiva, los enfoques psicosomáticos y los tratamientos integrales, el cuidado propio, la espiritualidad, el apoyo social y los comportamientos del estilo de vida terapéutico como la música, la escritura, el arte, la jardinería y pasar tiempo en la naturaleza. Los temas de crecimiento y sabiduría incluían relaciones más estrechas, perspectiva, claridad, fuerza, gratitud, compasión, nuevos rumbos y cambio espiritual. Basándonos en el análisis de los informes de las entrevistas y en el paradigma de sabiduría de tres dimensiones de Ardelt, se dividieron a los participantes en 2 grupos: 59 modelos de sabiduría y 21 no modelos de sabiduría. Los temas no modelo eran mucho más negativos y estaban en directo contraste con los temas modelo. Cuantitativamente, los modelos de sabiduría obtuvieron una puntuación significativamente más alta en apertura y amabilidad y más baja en neuroticismo en comparación con los no modelo. Los modelos de sabiduría también puntuaron más alto en sabiduría, gratitud, perdón y crecimiento postraumático que los no modelos y más modelos usaron tratamientos integrales en comparación con los no modelos. En conjunto, los informes de los modelos ilustran un modelo de enfoque positivo para vivir bien con el dolor, que permite informes de dolor más comunicativos, proporciona modelos de rol positivos para los pacientes y médicos y contribuye a una perspectiva teorética más amplia acerca del dolor persistente.

Immediate Effect of Therapeutic Massage on Pain Sensation and Unpleasantness: A Consecutive Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal pain is a common condition that poses a significant burden to its sufferers and costs the US economy billions of dollars each year in lost productivity. Individuals complaining of musculoskeletal pain make up a large proportion of clients treated by massage therapists in community practices, yet few studies have examined the immediate effect of therapeutic massage on this type of pain in the practice setting. PURPOSE: To assess the immediate effect of therapeutic massage on musculoskeletal pain sensation and unpleasantness in a community setting. SETTING: Solo private practice in central Virginia, United States. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixteen first-time clients who complained of musculoskeletal pain as a presenting symptom. RESEARCH DESIGN: Prospective, consecutive practice-based case series. INTERVENTION: A single 60-minute session of individualized therapeutic massage; techniques used included Swedish massage employing effleurage, petrissage, and friction,;deep tissue; myofascial; positional release; passive and resisted joint mobilization; and biofield modalities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual Analog Scales for pain sensation and unpleasantness. RESULTS: Both pain sensation and unpleasantness were significantly reduced by a single session of therapeutic massage. Mean pain sensation decreased from 3.76 (SD=1.87) prior to massage to .89 (SD=1.35) following massage, with t=18.87, P<.001. Mean pain unpleasantness decreased from 5.21 (SD=2.48) prior to massage to .64 (SD=1.23) following massage, with t =20.45, P<.001. Effect sizes were 1.76 and 1.90, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this case series, therapeutic massage appeared to be an effective intervention for common musculoskeletal pain that influenced both the physical and affective dimension of the pain experience. Although care was taken to reduce potential bias through limiting eligibility to first time clients and use of a standardized script, practice-based case series have inherent limitations. Issues in conducting practice-based research by massage therapists and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Consensus Recommendations to NCCIH from Research Faculty in a Transdisciplinary Academic Consortium for Complementary and Integrative Health and Medicine.

BACKGROUND: This commentary presents the most impactful, shared priorities for research investment across the licensed complementary and integrative health (CIH) disciplines according to the Academic Consortium for Complementary and Alternative Health Care (ACCAHC). These are (1) research on whole disciplines; (2) costs; and (3) building capacity within the disciplines' universities, colleges, and programs. The issue of research capacity is emphasized. DISCUSSION: ACCAHC urges expansion of investment in the development of researchers who are graduates of CIH programs, particularly those with a continued association with accredited CIH schools. To increase capacity of CIH discipline researchers, we recommend National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) to (1) continue and expand R25 grants for education in evidence-based healthcare and evidence-informed practice at CIH schools; (2) work to limit researcher attrition from CIH institutions by supporting career development grants for clinicians from licensed CIH fields who are affiliated with and dedicated to continuing to work in accredited CIH schools; (3) fund additional stand-alone grants to CIH institutions that already have a strong research foundation, and collaborate with appropriate National Institutes of Health (NIH) institutes and centers to create infrastructure in these institutions; (4) stimulate higher percentages of grants to conventional centers to require or strongly encourage partnership with CIH institutions or CIH researchers based at CIH institutions, or give priority to those that do; (5) fund research conferences, workshops, and symposia developed through accredited CIH schools, including those that explore best methods for studying the impact of whole disciplines; and (6) following the present NIH policy of giving priority to new researchers, we urge NCCIH to give a marginal benefit to grant applications from CIH clinician-researchers at CIH academic/research institutions, to acknowledge that CIH concepts require specialized expertise to translate to conventional perspectives. SUMMARY: We commend NCCIH for its previous efforts to support high-quality research in the CIH disciplines. As NCCIH develops its 2016-2020 strategic plan, these recommendations to prioritize research based on whole disciplines, encourage collection of outcome data related to costs, and further support capacity-building within CIH institutions remain relevant and are a strategic use of funds that can benefit the nation's health.

Choose wisely: the quality of massage education in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Assessing the quality of postsecondary education remains a difficult task, despite many efforts to do so. No consensus or standard definition of educational quality has yet been agreed upon or developed. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the quality of massage education in the United States using three closely-related questions to frame the evaluation: 1) Is accreditation improving the quality of education for massage therapy? If not, then what do we need to do to improve it? 2) Does accreditation by COMTA specifically improve quality of education compared to other vocational accrediting agencies that do not require curriculum competencies specific to massage? 3) Would adding competencies at an "advanced" level, or specific degree levels, be helpful in advancing massage therapy in the eyes of other health professions? SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: Members of a national massage education organization, members affiliated with the educational arm of two national professional associations, and members of two national education organizations in complementary and integrative health care (CIHC). RESEARCH DESIGN: MIXED METHODS EVALUATION USING THREE DATA SOURCES: existing gainful employment data from the US Department of Education, analyzed by type of massage program and accreditation agency to determine average and relative value for cost; numbers of disciplinary actions against massage practitioners reported by state regulatory agencies, and a qualitatively developed survey administered to two different groups of educators. RESULTS: Average tuition cost across all reporting schools/programs was $13,605, with an average graduation rate of 71.9%. Of the schools and programs that reported student loan data, 84% of students received federal financial aid. Median loan amount was $8,052, with an average repayment rate of 43.4%. Programs in corporate-owned schools had the highest average cost, highest median loan amount, and lowest repayment rate, while community college programs had the lowest average cost, lowest graduation rate, and lowest median loan amount. Repayment rate data were not available for community colleges. Of the five states and the District of Columbia that require school accreditation, there were 208 disciplinary actions from 2009-2011. The remaining 28 regulated states that do not require school accreditation reported 1,702 disciplinary actions during the same period. Seventy-five percent of massage educators and 58% of CIHC educators stated that the current quality of massage education is inconsistent, with only 10% of massage educators and 8% of CIHC educators agreeing that current educational quality is adequate. Fifty-six percent of massage educators and 40% of CIHC educators agreed that educational quality needs to improve if massage therapists want to be considered comparable to other allied health professionals. Both groups suggested specific areas and means of improvement, including raising admission requirements and offering an academic degree. CONCLUSIONS: Accreditation appears to improve the quality of massage education; however, more consistent methods for calculating tuition costs, educational outcomes, and classifying severity of disciplinary actions are needed. Both quantitative and qualitative evidence indicates that the current quality of massage education in the US is inconsistent and less than adequate. Specific areas of improvement needed for massage therapists to be perceived as comparable to other allied healthcare providers are described.

The quantification of placebo effects within a general model of health care outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to test a model of placebo effects in the context of a general model of health care outcomes. DESIGN: The design of this study was a multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. SETTINGS: The study was conducted at The University of Washington Hospital, Seattle, Washington, Cooper Hospital/University Medical Center, Camden, New Jersey, and at the Neurology Center of Fairfax, Fairfax, Virginia. SUBJECTS: One hundred and seventeen (117) patients diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis were enrolled in the study. INTERVENTION: Subjects had daily exposure to a pulsing electromagnetic generator. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures were the average score of three quality-of-life indices: the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, the Medical Outcomes Study Pain Effects Scale, and the Spasticity Effects Scale. RESULTS: Placebo responders scored higher in the personality trait of Absorption compared with nonresponders (p<0.01). Placebo responders were more confident that the sham device was active compared to placebo nonresponders (p<0.009). The two factors of confidence in the treatment and Absorption accurately identified 80% of placebo responders in a discriminant analysis (p<0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: Placebo effects are best understood when integrated in a general model of health care outcomes.