Avaliação do teor de antioxidantes, flavonoides e compostos fenólicos em preparações condimentares / Evaluation of the content of antioxidants, flavonoids and phenolic compounds in culinary preparations

RESUMO: Plantas condimentares são amplamente utilizadas na culinária como alimento funcional. Pacientes hipertensos, que retiram o sal de cozinha (NaCl) de sua alimentação, relatam que os alimentos "perdem" o sabor. Visando alternativas para substituir o sal e melhorar a palatabilidade das preparações alimentares de pacientes hipertensos, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver temperos à base de plantas medicinais e analisar os teores de compostos fenólicos, flavonoides e atividade antioxidante destes. Plantas (coentro, salsa, orégano, alecrim, manjericão, alho, cebola) cultivadas organicamente em Viçosa (MG) foram processadas e os temperos foram desenvolvidos a partir de combinação destas espécies, de acordo com teste aceitabilidade sensorial afetivo por meio de escala hedônica. Foram definidos três temperos, dos quais foram feitos extratos metanólicos por remaceração até esgotamento. Nas dosagens utilizou-se DPPH na avaliação da atividade antioxidante; reagente de Folin-Ciocalteu para compostos fenólicos e vanilina clorídrica para flavonoides. As análises foram feitas com quatro repetições e os resultados submetidos à análise de variância e teste de média a 5% de significância. Na aceitação subjetiva dos temperos a nota média foi 7,07±1,09 e 8,0±0,93 na ação afetiva como alimento. O teor mais elevado de compostos fenólicos foi no tempero 2 (alho, salsa e manjericão) (55,04±4,307 mg/mL), a maior ação antioxidante foi no tempero 1 (alho, cebola, coentro e orégano) nos tempos 0 (48,72%) e 30 minutos (78,37%). Os teores de flavonoides foram semelhantes nos 3 temperos. Todos os temperos tiveram boa aceitação por pacientes hipertensos e mostraram-se promissores na substituição dos condimentos convencionais.

ABSTRACT: Plant herbs are widely used in cooking as functional food. Hypertensive patients, who remove salt (NaCl) from their diets, report that the food "loses" flavor. Seeking alternatives to replace salt and improve the palatability of food preparations of hypertensive patients the aim of this study was to develop spices based on medicinal plants and analyze their contents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Plants (cilantro, parsley, oregano, rosemary, basil, garlic, onion) grown organically in the city of Viçosa (state of Mato Grosso, Brazil) were processed and the seasonings were developed from the combination of these species, according to the affective sensory acceptability test using the hedonic scale. Three spices were defined, and methanol extracts were made from them by maceration until exhaustion. In the dosages, we used DPPH to evaluate the antioxidant activity, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent for phenolic compounds and hydrochloric vanillin for flavonoids. The analyses were performed with four replicates and the results were subjected to analysis of variance and to a 5% significance test. In the subjective acceptance of the spices, the average score was 7.07 ± 1.09 and 8.0 ± 0.93 in the affective action as food. The highest content of phenolic compounds was for treatment 2 (garlic, parsley and basil) (55.04 ± 4.307 mg/mL) and the highest antioxidant activity was measured in treatment 1 (garlic, onion, cilantro and oregano) at 0 (48.72%) and 30 minutes (78.37%). The contents of flavonoids were similar in the three treatments. All spices were well accepted by the hypertensive patients and have shown to be a promising replacement of conventional spices.

Comparison of xylazine and medetomidine as premedicants for cats being anaesthetised with propofol-sevoflurane.

The effects of premedicating cats with saline, xylazine or medetomidine before anaesthetising them with propofol-sevoflurane were compared. Twenty-four cats were randomly assigned to three groups of eight to receive either 0.25 ml of saline, 0.50 mg/kg of xylazine or 0.02 mg/kg of medetomidine intravenously, and anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane. Medetomidine produced a greater reduction in the induction dose of propofol and fewer adverse postoperative effects than saline or xylazine. Hypoxaemia was observed after induction with propofol in the cats premedicated with saline and xylazine, but not in the cats given medetomidine. The cats treated with medetomidine and xylazine developed profound bradycardia. The blood pressure of the cats premedicated with saline and xylazine decreased, but the blood pressure of the cats premedicated with medetomidine was maintained. The cats premedicated with saline took longer to recover from anaesthesia than the other two groups.

Infusão contínua de propofol em gatos pré-medicados com cetamina-midazolam / Continuous infusion of propofol after ketamine-midazolam premedication in cats

Estudaram-se os efeitos anestésicos e cardiorrespiratórios produzidos pela infusão contínua de propofol em gatos pré-medicados com a associação cetamina-midazolam. Catorze gatos adultos foram igualmente distribuídos em dois grupos (TX1 e TX3) aos quais administraram-se, pela via intramuscular, cetamina (3,0mg/kg) e midazolam (0,3mg/kg). Decorridos cinco minutos procedeu-se a indução anestésica pela administração intravenosa de propofol (5,0mg/kg), imediatamente seguida pela infusão contínua do agente hipnótico nas doses de 0,1 ou 0,3mg/kg/min, aos animais de TX1 e TX3, respectivamente. Foram mensuradas as freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, saturação de oxihemoglobina, concentração exalada de dióxido de carbono e pressão arterial. Em TX3 observou-se manutenção de adequado plano anestésico, enquanto que os animais do TX1 apresentaram-se sedados. Houve decréscimo acentuado da freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial e elevação da concentração de dióxido de carbono exalado no TX3. Conclui-se que o emprego de propofol na dose de infusão de 0,3mg/kg/min em gatos pré-medicados com cetamina-midazolam produz anestesia satisfatória, bradicardia, depressão da função respiratória e pressão arterial.

Tonometry in adult yellow-footed tortoises (Geochelone denticulata).

OBJECTIVE: To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) in adult yellow-footed tortoises using applanation tonometry. ANIMALS: Fifteen healthy adult captive yellow-footed tortoises (eight males and seven females). PROCEDURES: Intraocular pressures were estimated for tortoises by using an applanation tonometer after topical anesthesia. Body length, measured from nuchal to anal scutes, ranged from 27.5 to 57.2 cm. Five measurements from each eye were obtained by a single observer in an ambient temperature of approximately 30 degrees C. RESULTS: Mean +/- SEM IOP of 30 eyes of 15 yellow-footed tortoises was 14.2 +/- 1.2 mmHg. Range of IOP was 6-30 mmHg for tortoises. Significant differences were detected neither between right and left eyes (P = 0.357) of individual tortoises, nor between males and females (P = 0.524). Observer's readability was good (intraclass coefficient = 0.65), and IOP did not change over the ordered five measurements. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in IOP between males and females in this specie. Tonometry values for normal eyes may represent a useful diagnostic methodology for recognition and treatment of ocular diseases in reptiles.

Clinical use of dexmedetomidine as premedicant in cats undergoing propofol-sevoflurane anaesthesia.

The purpose of this report was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects and efficacy of dexmedetomidine as a premedicant agent in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy anaesthetized with propofol-sevoflurane. Cats were randomly divided into two groups of eight animals each. Dexmedetomidine (0.01 mg/kg) or 0.9% saline was administered intravenously (D and S, respectively). After 5 min, propofol was administered intravenously and anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane. Heart and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation, rectal temperature and the amount of propofol needed for induction were measured. Premedication with dexmedetomidine reduced the requirement of propofol (6.7+/-3.8 mg/kg), but induced bradycardia, compared with the administration of saline (15.1+/-5.1 mg/kg). Recovery quality was significantly better in D but no significant difference in time to return of swallowing reflex was observed between groups (D=2.5+/-0.5 min; S=3.2+/-1.8 min). In conclusion, dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective agent for premedication in cats undergoing propofol-sevoflurane anaesthesia with minimal adverse effects.

Alteraçöes eletrocardiográficas em cäes pré-medicados com levomepromazina e submetidos à anestesia por propofol e sevoflurano / Electrocardiographic changes in dogs under propofol-sevoflurane anesthesia after pre-medication with levomepromazine

Avaliaram-se as variáveis eletrocardiográficas em cäes submetidos à anestesia pelo sevoflurano. Foram empregados 16 cäes clinicamente sadios, adultos, machos ou fêmeas, com peso médio de 15±3,5kg. Administrou-se levomepromazina (1,0 mg/kg) seguida pela administraçäo de propofol (5,0 mg/kg), ambos pela via endovenosa. Os animais foram intubados e submetidos à anestesia inalatória com sevoflurano diluído em oxigênio, através de circuito semi-fechado na concentraçäo de 3,5V por cento. As aferiçöes das freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, oximetria, capnometria, pressöes arteriais sistólica, diastólica e média e das variáveis eletrocardiográficas foram realizadas imediatamente antes da administraçäo da levomepromazina, 15 minutos após e imediatamente antes da administraçäo do propofol, após 15 minutos da administraçäo do agente inalatório e consecutivamente a cada 20 minutos. Após administraçäo de levomepromazina, propofol e sevoflurano observou-se decréscimo das pressöes arteriais sistólica e média. A levomepromazina ocasionou prolongamento do intervalo QT. O sevoflurano promoveu prolongamento da onda P e aumento de sua amplitude aos 70 e 130 minutos de anestesia, respectivamente, além de prolongamento do intervalo QT. Concluiu-se que a anestesia por sevoflurano, nas condiçöes deste experimento, promoveu prolongamento do intervalo QT, sem no entanto incorrer em arritmias