Translation and Validation of the Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire in Brazil (NSKQ-BR).

This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate "The Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (NSKQ)" for Brazilian athletes. The NSKQ is an Australian instrument composed of 87 questions divided into six subsections (weight control, macronutrients, micronutrients, sports nutrition, supplementation, and alcohol) designed to assess the nutritional knowledge (NK) of athletes. The translation process followed the recommendations of the World Health Organization for translating and adapting instruments. Semantic validation involved a panel of specialists (n = 21), followed by an assessment performed by a group of adult Brazilian athletes from various sports (n = 17). The reproducibility and internal consistency of the questionnaire were evaluated via a test-retest approach in a sample of adult Brazilian athletes (n = 29) from diverse sports, who completed the Brazilian version of the NSKQ (NSKQ-BR). Overall, the NSKQ-BR presented good internal consistency (α = 0.95) and reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.85). The factors "sports nutrition" and "alcohol" showed moderate reproducibility (ICC = 0.74 (0.46-0.88) and ICC = 0.68 (0.33-0.85), respectively). Most athletes (n = 17; 58.6%) presented a medium NK score (50-65%). The NSKQ-BR is available to evaluate the NK levels of Brazilian athletes. The NSKQ-BR presented high internal consistency and reproducibility, validating its applicability among adult athletes across diverse sports.

Can the Brazilian Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaires Differentiate the CYP1A2 and ADORA2A Gene Polymorphisms?-An Exploratory Study with Brazilian Athletes.

This study investigated the ability of the Brazilian Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (CaffEQ-BR), full and brief versions, to differentiate genetic profiles regarding the polymorphisms of the CYP1A2 (rs 762551) and ADORA2A (rs 5751876) genes in a cohort of Brazilian athletes. One-hundred and fifty participants were genotyped for CYP1A2 and ADORA2A. After the recruitment and selection phase, 71 (90% male and 10% female, regular caffeine consumers) completed the CaffEQ-BR questionnaires and a self-report online questionnaire concerning sociodemographic data, general health status, and frequency of caffeine consumption. The order of completion of the CaffEQ-BR questionnaires was counterbalanced. The concordance between the full and brief versions of the CaffEQ-BR was analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). To determine the discriminatory capacity of the questionnaires for genotype, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied for sensitivity and specificity (significance level of 5%). Mean caffeine intake was 244 ± 161 mg·day−1. The frequency of AA genotypes for CYP1A2 was 47.9% (n = 34) and 52.1% (n = 37) for C-allele carriers (AC and CC). The frequencies of TT genotypes for ADORA2A were 22.7% (n = 15) and 77.3% (n = 51) for C-allele carriers (TC and CC). All CaffEQ-BR factors, for the full and brief versions, were ICCs > 0.75, except for factor 6 (anxiety/negative effects; ICC = 0.60), and presented ROC curve values from 0.464 to 0.624 and 0.443 to 0.575 for CYP1A2 and ADORA2A. Overall, the CaffEQ-BR (full and brief versions) did not show discriminatory capacity for CYP1A2 and ADORA2A gene polymorphisms. In conclusion, the CaffEQ-BR was not able to differentiate genotypes for the CYP1A2 or ADORA2A genes in this group of Brazilian athletes.

Brief Version of Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil.

The use of extensive questionnaires has the limitation of filling time bias, related to the ability to focus and accurately respond to many items, justifying the necessity for a brief version. This study aimed to build a brief version of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (B-CaffEQ-BR) composed of 21 items divided into seven factors, with as adequate consistency and reproducibility as the full version. Quantitative procedures using statistical modeling were applied using the CaffEQ-BR (full version) database keeping the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) (based on the full version) <0.5 and Cronbach's α and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) ≥0.7. The expert panel (n = 3), in a blind design, evaluated the semantic structuring within the options indicated by previous statistical modeling until the agreement of the expert panel. The participants (n = 62), Brazilian adults who were regular caffeine consumers (175.8 ± 94.4 mg/day), of whom 62.9% were women, 33.1 ± 9.7 years, 24.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2, and 62.9% of whom self-identified as white, were asked to respond twice to the online questionnaire in 48-72 h. The first sample (n = 40) tested interobserver reproducibility with the double application of B-CaffEQ-BR. Another sample (n = 22) answered the CaffEQ-BR (full version) and B-CaffEQ-BR, and the last sample (n = 18) performed the reverse process. The B-CaffEQ-BR presented excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α ≥ 0.729) and overall reproducibility (ICC ≥ 0.915) for the entire questionnaire and its seven factors. The B-CaffEQ-BR can be a valuable tool in caffeine research with the Brazilian adult population.

Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (CaffEQ-BR).

Caffeine is the world's most commonly used stimulant of the central nervous system. Caffeine is present in coffee and other beverages such as tea, soft drinks, and cocoa-based foods. The caffeine expectancy questionnaire was developed to investigate the effects of caffeine expectations and thus contribute to knowledge about its usage and subjective effects (response expectancies). This study aimed to evaluate caffeine expectation psychometrically in a sample of the Brazilian population. The original version of the "Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (CaffEQ)" was translated and validated into Brazilian-Portuguese and adapted to Brazilian culture to be used in the Brazilian adult (19-59 y) population. After the translation and back-translation processes of the original CaffEQ questionnaire, the content and semantic validation were performed by a group of experts. The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the questionnaire consists of 47 items, in seven factors, which assess subjective perceptions about the effects of caffeine. Interobserver reproducibility and internal consistency of the questionnaire were tested with a convenience sample (n = 50) of Brazilian adult consumers of caffeine sources, who completed the Brazilian CaffEQ (CaffEQ-BR) on two occasions separated by 24 h. All of the 47 questions were adequate regarding reliability, clarity, and comprehension. Psychometric properties could be replicated consistently. Appropriate internal consistency and validation were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (α) 0.948, and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.976 was observed. The CaffEQ-BR was applied using a web-based platform to a convenience sample of Brazilian adults from all 27 Brazilian states (n = 4202 participants), along with measures of sociodemographic and caffeine consumption data. Factor validity was verified by confirmatory factor analysis. The seven factors presented a good fit for Root Mean Square Error of Approximation-RMSEA = 0.0332 (95% CI: 0.0290-0.0375). By confirming the validity and reliability of CaffEQ-BR, a useful tool is now available to assess caffeine expectations in the Brazilian adult population.

Barreiras e facilitadores da adesão a um programa de educação em diabetes: a visão do usuário / Adherence barriers and facilitators to a diabetes education program: the user's point of view

Este estudo objetivou identificar barreiras e facilitadores da adesão a um programa para o tratamento da Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). O Programa Doce Desafio (PDD) é contínuo, de base anual; regular, oferecido desde 2001; multidisciplinar, com exercícios físicos supervisionados, alimentação, autocuidado, uso de medicamentos e aspectos psicossociais; multiprofissional, com profissionais da farmácia, nutrição, educação física, medicina e enfermagem; multiestratégico, com palestras, debates, jogos, oficinas, discussões e práticas de exercício físico supervisionado; comunitário, incluindo a atenção básica; intersetorial, entre Universidade e Serviço; e realiza sessões de 120 minutos duas vezes por semana, em três locais do Distrito Federal. A pesquisa foi qualitativa, exploratória e baseada na técnica "roda de conversa". Todos os 132 frequentadores do programa foram convidados e 55 sujeitos aceitaram participar da pesquisa. Cada unidade de atendimento sediou um encontro mediado pelo pesquisador, que utilizou roteiro semiestruturado para estabelecer um diálogo sobre as barreiras e facilitadores da adesão ao PDD. Todas as falas foram gravadas, transcritas e submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Das falas emergiram seis facilitadores à adesão: motivação para aprender; incentivo familiar; interação afetiva; melhoria da saúde e qualidade de vida; prazer da atividade física; e orientação profissional. E, quatro barreiras: desgaste no preenchimento de formulários; complicações de saúde; dificuldades financeiras; e problemas familiares. Educação multidisciplinar, exercícios físicos orientados e acompanhamento humanizado foram diferenciais do PDD em relação a outras vivências no tratamento da DM2. Falta avançar na capacitação profissional e sensibilização dos participantes para que as avaliações clínicas se tornem menos exaustivas e mais acessíveis.

This study aims to identify barriers and facilitators of adherence to a program for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The Sweet Challenge Program (PDD) is continuous, in annual basis; regular, offered since 2001; multidisciplinary, with supervised exercise, nutrition, self-care, use of medication and psychosocial aspects; multiprofessional, with pharmacy, nutrition, physical education, medicine and nursing professionals; multistrategic, with lectures, debates, games, workshops, discussions, and supervised exercise practices; community-based, including primary care; intersectoral, among University and Service; and offers 120 minutes sessions twice a week, in three places of the Federal District. The research was qualitative, exploratory and based on "conversation circle" technic. All 132 program attendees were invited and 55 accepted to participate. Each local hosted a meeting mediated by the researcher, using semi-structured script, to establish a dialogue about barriers and facilitators of adherence to PDD. All speeches were recorded, transcribed and subjected to content analysis. From speech emerged six facilitators to adherence: motivation to learn; family encouragement; affective interaction; health and quality of life improvement, physical activity enjoyment, and professional guidance. And, four barriers: form fillings; health complications, financial difficulties, and family problems. Multidisciplinary education, guided physical exercises and humanized follow-up were PDD's differential in relation to other experiences in the treatment of DM2. There is need to progress in professional training and participants sensitization so that clinical evaluations become less exhausting and more accessible.

Evidências sobre efeitos da atividade física no controle glicêmico: importância da adesão a programas de atenção em diabetes / Evidence of physical activity effects on glycemic control: importance of adherence to diabetes care programs

O Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2 (DM2) é um problema de saúde pública que requer cuidados contínuos e multidisciplinares. A presente revisão tem por objetivo destacar a importância da inclusão de atividades físicas em programas de atenção em DM2, salientando seu efeito no controle glicêmico e aspectos que influenciam a adesão de usuários, bem como associar a temática às atuais políticas públicas de atenção básica em saúde no Brasil. Artigos originais, revisões sistemáticas e de meta-análise que continham os termos DM2, adesão, exercício físico, atividade física e programa de educação em DM (em português e inglês) encontrados nos bancos de dados PubMed, Scopus e BioMed Central foram incluídos. Políticas públicas e diretrizes (guidelines) também foram utilizadas para contextualização e discussão. Evidências indicam que a participação em programas de atenção à DM2 se associa a um melhor prognóstico da doença; indivíduos mais aderentes apresentam melhores resultados no controle glicêmico e redução da massa corporal que os menos aderentes. Fatores como supervisão profissional, envolvimento em grupos, apoio familiar, tipo de exercício e frequência de encontros podem influenciar diretamente a adesão a esses programas. Educação em DM, atividades físicas e terapia nutricional são importantes no tratamento da DM2, porém, há escassez de programas públicos de saúde que, de forma multidisciplinar e contínua, contemplem estas ações terapêuticas.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) is a public health issue that requires continuous and multidisciplinary care. This review aims to present the importance of including physical activities in DM2 care programs, highlighting the effect on glycemic control and the aspects that influence user?s adherence, as well as linking this issue to current public policies on primary health care in Brazil. Original articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyzes that contained the words DM2, adherence, exercise, physical activity and diabetic education program (in Portuguese and English) found on PubMed, Scopus and BioMed Central databases were included. Public policies and guidelines were also used for contextualization and discussion. Evidences indicate that attending a DM2 care program is associated with a better prognosis; individuals with greater adherence have better results on glycemic control and weight reduction then the lesser adherents. Factors like professional supervision, group involvement, family support, type of physical activity and frequency of meetings may directly influence the adherence to the programs. DM education, physical activities and nutritional therapy are important to the DM2 treatment; however, there is a lack of programs that support these therapeutic actions in a multidisciplinary and continuous way.