Off-Label Use of Bevacizumab in Patients Diagnosed with Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in elderly people. Current pharmacological treatment in vascular AMD includes anti-VEGF agents, such as ranibizumab and aflibercept. Additionally, the off-label use of bevacizumab has been shown to be effective and has a lower cost, making it an interesting pharmacological approach; however, there is no consensus about its use. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and efficiency of bevacizumab in AMD patients. METHODS: This review only focused on randomized controlled clinical trials published in 2010 in the MEDLINE database that compared the effect of bevacizumab with ranibizumab. The risk of bias in each included study was assessed using the CASP Randomised Clinical Trials checklist. RESULTS: Twelve studies were included for qualitative synthesis, and nine of them were considered for meta-analysis. Bevacizumab-treated patients showed a significantly reduced neovascularization in a longer spectrum of time; however, they had a higher incidence of endophthalmitis than those treated with ranibizumab. Regarding efficiency, the mean number of administrations was reduced in the treatment with bevacizumab in comparison to ranibizumab. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical evidence demonstrates that bevacizumab has efficacy and safety profiles comparable with ranibizumab; however, it is relatively more efficient.

Glucans: A Therapeutic Alternative for Sepsis Treatment.

Sepsis treatment is a challenging condition due to its complexity, which involves host inflammatory responses to a severe and potentially fatal infection, associated with organ dysfunction. The aim of this study was to analyze the scientific literature on the immunomodulatory effects of glucans in a murine model of systemic infection induced by cecal ligation and puncture. This study comprises an integrative literature review based on systematic steps, with searches carried out in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases. In most studies, the main type of glucan investigated was ß-glucan, at 50 mg/kg, and a reduction of inflammatory responses was identified, minimizing the occurrence of tissue damage leading to increased animal survival. Based on the data obtained and discussed in this review, glucans represent a promising biotechnological alternative to modulate the immune response and could potentially be used in the clinical management of septic individuals.

The Pharmacological Effect of Hemin in Inflammatory-Related Diseases: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Hemin is clinically used in acute attacks of porphyria; however, recent evidence has also highlighted its capability to stimulate the heme oxygenase enzyme, being associated with cytoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Indeed, current preclinical evidence emphasizes the potential anti-inflammatory role of hemin through its use in animal models of disease. Nevertheless, there is no consensus about the underlying mechanism(s) and the most optimal therapeutic regimens. Therefore, this review aims to summarize, analyze, and discuss the current preclinical evidence concerning the pharmacological effect of hemin. METHODS: Following the application of the search expression and the retrieval of the articles, only nonclinical studies in vivo written in English were considered, where the potential anti-inflammatory effect of hemin was evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-nine articles were included according to the eligibility criteria established. The results obtained show the preference of using 30 to 50 mg/kg of hemin, administered intraperitoneally, in both acute and chronic contexts. This drug demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities considering its capacity for reducing the expression of proinflammatory and oxidative markers. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlighted the significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of hemin, providing a clearer vision for the medical community about the use of this drug in several human diseases.

Therapeutic Potential of Punica granatum and Isolated Compounds: Evidence-Based Advances to Treat Bacterial Infections.

Punica granatum Linn has been known for its nutritional and medicinal value since ancient times and is used in the treatment of various pathologies owing to its antibacterial properties. This review reports the results of the most recent studies on the antibacterial effects of P. granatum and its isolated compounds on bacteria of clinical interest. A search in the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science) databases was performed, which included articles that evaluated the antibacterial activity of P. granatum extracts and excluded articles that analyzed other microorganisms or nonpathogenic bacteria, as well as theses, dissertations, duplicate articles, and those not fully available. The literature suggests that P. granatum extracts can act on bacteria, such as methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In addition, fruit peel was the most commonly used pharmacogen and methanol, ethanol, and water were the most common solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds. The antibacterial potential of the methanolic extract of pomegranate peel could be attributed to the presence of active compounds, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, punicic acid, gallic acid, and punicalagin. Thus, there is evidence that these plant extracts, having high polyphenol content, can disrupt the bacterial plasma membrane and inhibit the action of proteins related to antimicrobial resistance. P. granatum shows antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with great potential against multidrug-resistant strains. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanism of action related to this biological activity and investigate the isolated substances that may be responsible for the antibacterial effects.

The Pharmacological Effect of Hemin in Inflammatory-Related Diseases: Protocol for a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Hemin is a commonly used drug in the treatment of acute attacks of porphyria, due to its capability of restoring normal levels of hemoproteins and respiratory pigments. In addition, this drug has demonstrated the capacity to induce the heme oxygenase (HO) enzyme. At the moment, there are 3 known HO isoenzymes in mammals: HO-1, HO-2, and HO-3. The first of these shows cytoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Currently, medicines used in inflammatory disorders have increased toxicity, especially over longer time frames, which highlights the need to investigate new, safer options. Indeed, the current nonclinical evidence demonstrates the potential that hemin has a significant anti-inflammatory effect in several animal models of inflammation-related diseases, such as experimental colitis, without significant side effects. However, the underlying mechanism(s) are still not fully understood. In addition, past nonclinical studies have applied different therapeutic regimens, making it relatively difficult to understand which is optimal. According to the literature, there is a lack of review articles discussing this topic, highlighting the need for a summary and analysis of the available preclinical evidence to elucidate the abovementioned issues. Therefore, a qualitative synthesis of the current evidence is essential for the research and medical communities. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to summarize and analyze currently available nonclinical data to ascertain the potential anti-inflammatory effect of hemin in animal models. METHODS: Throughout the development of this protocol, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The comprehensive search strategy will be carried out in MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, and Scopus without any filters associated with publication date. Only in vivo, nonclinical studies that evaluated the potential anti-inflammatory effect of hemin will be included. The evaluated outcomes will be the observed clinical signs, inflammatory and other biochemical markers, and macroscopic and microscopic evaluations. To analyze the potential risk of bias, we will use the risk of bias tool developed by the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE). RESULTS: Currently, it is not possible to disclose any results since the project is still in initial steps. More specifically, we are currently engaged in the identification of eligible articles through the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The work was initiated in April 2023, and it is expected to be finished at the end of 2023. CONCLUSIONS: Concerning the major gap in the literature regarding the underlying mechanism(s) and treatment-related properties, this systematic review will be essential to clearly summarize and critically analyze the nonclinical data available, promoting a clearer vision of the potential anti-inflammatory effect of hemin. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42023406160; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=406160. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/48368.

Effect of Carbamylated Erythropoietin in a Chronic Model of TNBS-Induced Colitis.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a public health issue with a growing prevalence, which can be divided into two phenotypes, namely Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Currently, used therapy is based only on symptomatic and/or palliative pharmacological approaches. These treatments seek to induce and maintain remission of the disease and ameliorate its secondary effects; however, they do not modify or reverse the underlying pathogenic mechanism. Therefore, it is essential to investigate new potential treatments. Carbamylated erythropoietin (cEPO) results from the modification of the Erythropoietin (EPO) molecule, reducing cardiovascular-related side effects from the natural erythropoiesis stimulation. cEPO has been studied throughout several animal models, which demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cEPO in a chronic TNBS-induced colitis model in rodents. METHODS: Experimental colitis was induced by weekly intrarectal (IR) administrations of 1% TNBS for 5 weeks in female CD-1 mice. Then, the mice were treated with 500 IU/kg/day or 1000 IU/kg/day of cEPO through intraperitoneal injections for 14 days. RESULTS: cEPO significantly reduced the concentration of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), fecal hemoglobin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-10. Also, it demonstrated a beneficial influence on the extra-intestinal manifestations, with the absence of significant side effects of its use. CONCLUSION: Considering the positive results from cEPO in this experiment, it may arise as a new possible pharmacological approach for the future management of IBD.

The Immunomodulatory Activity of Punica granatum L. Peel Extract Increases the Lifespan of Mice with Lethal Sepsis.

Sepsis is an organ dysfunction syndrome associated with high mortality. To date, no effective treatment is available to combat this disease. Punica granatum L. is a potential alternative treatment due to its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of a hydroalcoholic crude extract from the peels of P. granatum (HCEPg) in mice with lethal sepsis. Lethal polymicrobial sepsis was induced in female Swiss mice via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Initially, the animals were divided into three groups: Sham (false-operated), CLP-control (phosphate-buffered saline), and CLP-HCEPg (single dose, 5 mg/kg, subcutaneous administration). Treatment was initiated immediately after the induction of sepsis, and survival was evaluated every 12 hr for 5 days. Those who survived were euthanized. Serum cytokine levels were measured using a cytometric bead array Mouse Inflammatory Cytokine Kit. The number of colony-forming units, as well as the number of cells in the lymphoid organs and their activation markers, were analyzed. Results showed that treatment with HCEPg increased lifespan and reduced bacterial counts in the peritoneum, bloodstream, and spleen. HCEPg also decreased hydrogen peroxide secretion by phagocytes and augmented serum IL-10 levels, indicating its systemic anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, treatment with HCEPg attenuated infection-induced lung hemorrhage. Overall, P. granatum extract improved the lifespan of septic mice, possibly due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, thereby regulating bacterial load and translocation, as well as controlling the systemic inflammation induced by sepsis.

Correction: The Efficacy, Safety, and Efficiency of the Off-Label Use of Bevacizumab in Patients Diagnosed With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/38658.].

The Efficacy, Safety, and Efficiency of the Off-Label Use of Bevacizumab in Patients Diagnosed With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is recognized as the leading cause of vision loss in older people. Considering the phenomenon of aging societies worldwide, the prevalence of AMD is expected to increase gradually in the future. AMD can be divided into early, intermediate, and late stages, with the early and intermediate stages being mainly asymptomatic, and the late stage being classified as geographic atrophy, neovascular AMD, or both. Current pharmacological treatments for neovascular AMD include anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, such as ranibizumab, pegaptanib, and aflibercept. Additionally, it has been reported that the off-label use of intravitreally administered bevacizumab is effective. It is also lower cost than other agents, which makes it an interesting pharmacological approach. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and efficiency of bevacizumab for the treatment of neovascular AMD. METHODS: This review will only consider randomized controlled clinical trials that compare the use of bevacizumab with another pharmacological agent or a placebo in patients aged 50 years and older who are diagnosed with vascular AMD. It will exclude studies that include participants diagnosed with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy or retinal angiomatous proliferation. To identify and select relevant articles, we will develop a highly sensitive search strategy and apply it in MEDLINE via the PubMed platform. Upon selection of the studies and analysis of the titles, abstracts, and full texts, the results will be presented according to the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The analysis and extraction of the data will be performed by 2 independent reviewers. Risk of bias will be evaluated with the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist. Finally, the same reviewers will also perform a quality assessment of the included studies with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) tool. RESULTS: The search strategy, after the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, identified 15 randomized clinical trials, which are currently being analyzed. This project has no funding and it has been developed by a multidisciplinary research team of pharmacologists and orthoptists. The study was initiated in May 2021 and it is expected to conclude by the end of 2023. CONCLUSIONS: This review will provide a synthesis of current information and underlying evidence about the off-label use of bevacizumab in neovascular AMD. It will provide a clearer vision of a possible new pharmacological approach, as well as the most suitable treatment designs, for the treatment of neovascular AMD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021244931; https://tinyurl.com/p6m5ycpk. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/38658.

Conhecimento de profissionais da saúde sobre segurança do paciente: revisão integrativa / Health professionals' knowledge about patient safety: an integrative review

Objetivo: Analisar na literatura o conhecimento dos profissionais da saúde sobre segurança do paciente. Métodos: Revisão integrativa com busca e seleção em cinco bases eletrônicas de dados: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS e BDENF, utilizando descritores controlados e não controlados indexados nos vocabulários DeCS e MESH. Foram incluídos estudos primários, sem delimitação temporal ou de idioma e excluídos os duplicados, editoriais, teses e dissertações. Para análise e síntese, utilizou-se a classificação do nível de evidência baseadas nas recomendações do Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine e os métodos descritivos.Resultados: Foram selecionados 11 artigos desenvolvidos em contexto nacional e internacional, de nível de evidência2C. O nível de conhecimentos gerais sobre segurança do paciente entre os profissionais de saúde foi considerado baixo, envolvendo limitações significativas no entendimento dos conceitos e definições, assim como na aplicação dos pressupostos teóricos na prática assistencial. Nas categorias investigadas,observou-se variação desse nível de conhecimento. Conclusão: Existem lacunas importantes no conhecimento de profissionais de saúde sobre segurança do paciente, que apresentam nível baixo de conhecimento. Destaca-se então,a educação permanente como uma estratégia para promover melhorias. Descritores: Segurança do paciente. Pessoal de saúde. Conhecimento. Enfermagem. Educação continuada.

Objective: To analyze, in the literature, health professionals' knowledge about patientsafety.Methods: An integrative review with searches and selection in five electronic databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS and BDENF, using controlled and non-controlled descriptors indexed in the DeCS and MESH vocabularies. Primary studies with no time or language restrictions were included, with exclusion of duplicates, editorials, theses and dissertations. For analysis and synthesis purposes, the level of evidenceclassification based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicinerecommendations and the descriptive methods was used. Results: Eleven articles with level of evidence2C and developed in the national and international contexts were selected. The level of general knowledge about patient safety among health professionals was considered low, involving significant limitations in the understanding of concepts and definitions, as well as in the application of theoretical assumptions in the care practice. Inthe categories investigated, certain variation of this knowledge level was observed. Conclusion: There are important gaps in health professionals' knowledge about patient safety, with the subjects presenting low knowledge levels. Therefore, permanent education stands out as a strategy to promote improvements. Descriptors: Patient Safety. Health Personnel. Knowledge. Nursing. Education Continuing

Instrumentos de medida para avaliação do conhecimento de estudantes de Enfermagem sobre segurança do paciente / Measurement instruments to evaluate Nursing students' knowledge about patient safety / Instrumentos de medición para evaluar los conocimientos de los estudiantes de Enfermería sobre la seguridad del paciente

Objetivo: Analisar as evidências científicas relacionadas aos instrumentos utilizados para avaliar o conhecimento de estudantes de enfermagem sobre Segurança do Paciente. Métodos: Revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, CINAHL, WOS, LILACS e BDENF. A amostra foi composta por 11 estudos primários, publicados entre os anos de 2008 a 2017, nos idiomas português, espanhol ou inglês e que responderam à questão de pesquisa. Resultados: Houve predomínio de estudos transversais, no idioma inglês. O instrumento mais utilizado para avaliação do conhecimento em segurança do paciente foi o Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey (H-PEPSS). Dentre os fatores que limitaram o processo de aprendizagem destacou-se a inexperiência dos alunos. Simulações clínicas e aproximação precoce com o tema representaram as intervenções que favorecem o desenvolvimento do conhecimento e de competências. Conclusão: A avaliação do conhecimento em segurança do paciente pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de programas e ensino, bem como refletir diretamente na qualidade da assistência, surgindo, assim, a necessidade da criação, adaptação e validação de instrumentos de medida. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence related to the instruments used to evaluate nursing students' knowledge about patient safety. Methods: Integrative review performed in the electronic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, WOS, LILACS and BDENF. The sample consisted of 11 primary studies, published between the years 2008 and 2017, in Portuguese, Spanish or English, and which answered the research question. Results: There studies were predominant cross-sectional, and in English. The synthesis of knowledge was divided into three categories: The use of measurement instruments to assess knowledge in patient safety; Interventions that contribute to learning about patient safety; Factors that limit learning about patient safety. Conclusion: The assessment of patient safety knowledge can assist in the development of programs and teaching, as well as directly reflect on the quality of care, thus arising the need for the creation, adaptation and validation of instruments measure. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias científicas relacionadas con los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar el conocimiento de estudiantes de enfermería sobre seguridad del paciente. Métodos: Revisión integrativa realizada en las bases electrónicas de datos MEDLINE, CINAHL, WOS, LILACS y BDENF. La muestra consistió en 11 estudios primarios publicados entre los años 2008 a 2017, en portugués, español o Inglés y que respondieron a la pregunta de investigación. Resultados: Hubo predominios de estudios transversales, en el idioma inglés. La síntesis del conocimiento se dividió en tres categorías: el uso de instrumentos de medida para la evaluación del conocimiento en seguridad del paciente; Intervenciones que contribuyen al aprendizaje sobre Seguridad del paciente; Factores que limitan el aprendizaje sobre seguridad del paciente. Conclusión: La evaluación de los conocimientos sobre seguridad del paciente puede ayudar en el desarrollo de programas y docencia, así como reflejar directamente la calidad de la atención, surgiendo así la necesidad de la creación, adaptación y validación de instrumentos la medida. (AU)

Higiene de las manos basada en indicadores de rendimiento / Hand Hygiene Based on Performance Indicators

Introducción: Las manos de los profesionales son el vehículo más común para la transmisión de microorganismos de un paciente a otro. En ese contexto, la higiene de las manos se considera una medida primaria muy relevante para controlar las infecciones asociadas a la atención sanitaria. Objetivo: Verificar la adherencia a las prácticas de higiene de las manos entre los profesionales de la salud en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un Hospital Universitario. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un Hospital Universitario Brasileiro en el año 2020. La población del estudio estuvo formada por 121 profesionales de la salud. La recogida de datos se produjo mediante la consulta de la base de datos puesta a disposición por el Comité de Control de Infecciones Hospitalarias del hospital. El análisis estadístico se procesó en el Statistical Package for the Social Sciences-SPSS versión 22, a través de estadísticas descriptivas simples. Resultados: La tasa de adherencia al saneamiento fue superior a 78,04 por ciento. Los residentes de enfermedades tuvieron la tasa de depresión más alta, 96,72 por ciento. Por otro lado, los médicos tuvieron solo 57,29 por ciento de su atención con higiene. Estos eventos indican que los profesionales de la salud de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos pueden estar preocupados por el riesgo de que se realicen los procedimientos, debido a la exposición a fluidos corporales y regiones contaminadas. Conclusiones: Se encontró adherencia insatisfactoria al saneamiento para todas las categorías profesionales durante el período de demostración de la investigación(AU)

Introduction: The hands of professionals are the most common vehicle for the transmission of microorganisms from one patient to another. In this setting, hand hygiene is considered a very relevant primary measure for controlling healthcare-associated infections. Objective: To verify adherence to hand hygiene practices among healthcare professionals in the intensive care unit of a university hospital. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, carried out in 2020 in the intensive care unit of a Brazilian university hospital. The study population consisted of 121 health professionals. Data collection was done by consulting the database available under the committee for hospital infection control at the institutional level. The statistical analysis was done with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22, using simple descriptive statistics. Results: The sanitation adherence rate was over 78.04 percent. Internal Medicine residents had the highest depression rate, accounting for 96.72 percent. On the other hand, physicians had only 57.29 percent of their care with sanitation. These events indicate that healthcare professionals in the intensive care unit may be concerned about the risk of procedures being performed due to exposure to body fluids and contaminated areas. Conclusions: Unsatisfactory adherence to sanitation was found in all professional categories during the research demonstration period(AU)

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Topiramate in a Chronic Model of TNBS-Induced Colitis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a chronic and relapsing inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in severe symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stools, and weight loss. Currently, there is no cure, and the pharmacological treatment includes drugs that induce and keep the patient in remission, not reversing the underlying pathogenic mechanism. These therapies, in the long term, may cause various side effects and complications, which has increased the need to investigate new, more effective, and safer pharmacological approaches. In preclinical studies, topiramate has demonstrated a potential anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study aimed to investigate the effect of topiramate in a chronic TNBS-induced colitis model in rodents. Experimental colitis was induced by four intrarectal administrations of 1% TNBS in female CD-1 mice. Topiramate 10 and 20 mg were administered intraperitoneally for 14 days. Several parameters were evaluated, such as bodyweight, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), fecal hemoglobin, fecal calprotectin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-10. Topiramate reduces TNBS-induced colonic damage in a model of chronic experimental colitis and normalizes the stool consistency and anus appearance. Additionally, topiramate significantly reduced the concentration of ALP, fecal hemoglobin, fecal calprotectin, TNF-α, and IL-10, demonstrating it to be a promising pharmacological approach for the treatment of IBD in the future.

Knowledge and use of personal protective equipment by nursing professionals during the Covid-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the knowledge and use of personal protective equipment by nursing professionals of Primary Health Care during the Covid-19 pandemic. METHOD: This is an exploratory study of a non-probabilistic sample developed in Basic Health Units in the city of Picos, Piauí, Brazil. Data were collected between June and August 2020, by phone call, following a semi-structured script, with responses recording and transcription. For material analysis, the software IRaMuTeQ was used for statistical textual analyses: Descending Hierarchical Classification, similarity analysis, and word cloud. RESULTS: From the corpus of 6,873 words and 832 lexical units, three categories were created: (1) motivations and barriers for use (20.9%); (2) handling of personal protective equipment (classes 5 and 4) with 25% and 21.6%, respectively, and (3) measures to protect users and health professionals (classes 3 and 5) with 17.6% and 14.9%. CONCLUSION: The nursing professionals interviewed demonstrated that they did not have sufficient knowledge for the proper use of the equipment, which could compromise their integrity and that of the patient as a subject who receives unsafe care.

Higher oral efficacy of ravuconazole in self-nanoemulsifying systems in shorter treatment in experimental chagas disease.

We investigated the in vitro activity and selectivity, and in vivo efficacy of ravuconazole (RAV) in self-nanoemulsifying delivery system (SNEDDS) against Trypanosoma cruzi. Novel formulations of this poorly soluble C14-α-demethylase inhibitor may improve its efficacy in the experimental treatment. In vitro activity was determined in infected cardiomyocytes and efficacy in vivo evaluated in terms of parasitological cure induced in Y and Colombian strains of T. cruzi-infected mice. In vitro RAV-SNEDDS exhibited significantly higher potency of 1.9-fold at the IC50 level and 2-fold at IC90 level than free-RAV. No difference in activity with Colombian strain was observed in vitro. Oral treatment with a daily dose of 20 mg/kg for 30 days resulted in 70% of cure for RAV-SNEDDS versus 40% for free-RAV and 50% for 100 mg/kg benznidazole in acute infection (T. cruzi Y strain). Long-term treatment efficacy (40 days) was able to cure 100% of Y strain-infected animals with both RAV preparations. Longer treatment time was also efficient to increase the cure rate with benznidazole (Y and Colombian strains). RAV-SNEDDS shows greater efficacy in a shorter time treatment regimen, it is safe and could be a promising formulation to be evaluated in other pre-clinical models to treat T. cruzi and fungi infections.

Perceived self-esteem, resilience and stress of students entering a nursing degree

This study aimed to evaluate perceived self-esteem, resilience and stress of students entering a nursing degree. Cross-sectional study with 122 students (104 women and 18 men) of the firstsemester of a private institution in Distrito Federal. Evaluations were performed in March 2019. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Resilience in Higher Education and Perceived Stress, as well as a socio-economic questionnaire were used. All procedures were carried out using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and GraphPad Prism 6. The comparison of perceived stress between groups demonstrated that less stressed individuals were younger (19.1 ± 1.9 years old vs 22.5 ± 7.4; p = 0.030)and presented higher resilience scores (147.0 ± 16.3 vs 125.0 ± 22.5; p < 0.001). The comparison of self-esteem tertiles showed that individuals with better self-esteem were more resilient (146.0 ± 17.65 vs 133.85 ± 24.84; p = 0.037). Spearman's correlation demonstrated a negative relation between resilience score and perceived stress (r = -0.415 p = < 0.001). Students had already entered university presenting psychical deficits, such as increased stress and low self-esteem and resilience.

Uso inadequado do serviço de pronto atendimento de um hospital público por adultos / Improper use of the adult emergency service of a public hospital by adults / Uso incorrecto del servicio de emergencias de un hospital público por parte de los adultos

OBJETIVO: Identificar o perfil de pacientes adultos atendidos em um pronto atendimento de um hospital público, as características do atendimento e a prevalência do uso inadequado deste serviço. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, com dados de pesquisa matricial realizada no pronto atendimento de um hospital público no interior de Mato Grosso, com amostra de 538 indivíduos. Foram incluídas informações referentes aos usuários com idade entre 18 a 59 anos e realizada análise descritiva. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos usuários é do sexo feminino, com idade entre 18 e 27 anos, baixa escolaridade e renda familiar. A maior procura foi às terças feiras no período vespertino por sintomas relacionados a doenças infecciosas. A prevalência do uso inadequado do serviço foi de 52,9%. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes que buscam pelo serviço são adultos jovens, mulheres, de baixa renda e escolaridade. Os motivos que tem levado os pacientes a procurar pelo serviço de pronto atendimento são inadequados (AU).

OBJECTIVE: To identify the profile of adult patients seen in an emergency room at a public hospital, the characteristics of the service and the prevalence of inappropriate use of this service. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with data from matrix research carried out in the emergency department of a public hospital in the interior of Mato Grosso, with a sample of 538 individuals. Information regarding users aged 18 to 59 years was included and a descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS: Most users are female, aged between 18 and 27 years old, with low education and family income. The greatest demand was on Tuesdays in the afternoon for symptoms related to infectious diseases. The prevalence of inappropriate use of the service was 52.9%. CONCLUSION: Patients seeking the service are young adults, women, with low income and education. The reasons that have led patients to seek emergency care are inadequate (AU).

OBJETIVO: Identificar el perfil de los pacientes adultos que fueron atendidos en la sala de emergencias de un hospital público, las características de la atención y la prevalencia del uso inapropiado de este servicio. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal basado en los datos de una investigación matricial realizada en la sala de emergencias de un hospital público en el interior de Mato Grosso, con una muestra de 538 individuos. Se incluyó información sobre usuarios de 18 a 59 años y se realizó un análisis descriptivo. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los usuarios es del sexo femenino, tienen entre los 18 y 27 años, bajo nivel educativo e ingresos familiares. La mayor demanda se registró los martes por la tarde debido a síntomas relacionados con enfermedades infecciosas. La prevalencia del uso inapropiado del servicio fue del 52,9%. CONCLUSIÓN: Los pacientes que acuden al servicio son adultos jóvenes, mujeres, con bajos ingresos y nivel educativo. Las razones que han llevado a los pacientes a acudir al servicio de emergencias son inadecuadas (AU).

Tendência temporal da incidência da AIDS em pessoas com 50 anos ou mais no Brasil / Temporal trend in the incidence of AIDS in people aged 50 and over in Brazil / Tendencia temporal de la incidencia del sida en personas de 50 años y más en Brasil

Objetivo: analisar a tendência temporal da incidência da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) em pessoas com 50 anos ou mais no Brasil e suas regiões. Método: estudo ecológico misto dos casos notificados de AIDS em pessoas de 50 anos ou mais entre 2007 e 2017, no Brasil e regiões. Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema Nacional de Agravos e Notificação e analisados pelo método Prais-Winsten. Resultados: a tendência temporal da incidência de AIDS em pessoas com 50 anos ou mais foi estável no Brasil e nas regiões Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste (variação percentual anual: 10,7; 4,9; 8,4 e 12,2, respectivamente); nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, foi crescente (variação percentual anual: 16,6 e 20,6, respectivamente). Conclusão: houve estabilidade da incidência de AIDS no Brasil e nas regiões Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste, como também aumento da incidência da doença nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, na população estudada.

Objective: to analyze the temporal trend of the incidence of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in people aged 50 years or more in Brazil and its regions. Method: a mixed ecological study of reported cases of AIDS in people aged 50 years or more between 2007 and 2017, in Brazil and regions. Data were extracted from the National System of Diseases and Notification and analyzed using the Prais-Winsten method. Results: the temporal trend of the incidence of AIDS in people aged 50 years or more was stable in Brazil and the Southeast, South, and Midwest regions (annual percentage variation: 10.7; 4.9; 8.4 and 12.2, respectively); in the North and Northeast regions, it was increasing (annual percentage variation: 16.6 and 20.6, respectively). Conclusion: the incidence of AIDS in Brazil and the Southeast, South and Midwest regions were stable, as well as an increase in the incidence of the disease in the North and Northeast regions, in the population studied.

Objetivo: analizar la tendencia temporal de la incidencia del Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA) en personas de 50 años o más en Brasil y sus regiones. Método: estudio ecológico mixto de casos notificados de sida en personas de 50 años o más entre 2007 y 2017, en Brasil y regiones. Los datos fueron extraídos del Sistema Nacional de Enfermedades y Notificación y se analizaron mediante el método Prais-Winsten. Resultados: la tendencia temporal de la incidencia de SIDA en personas de 50 años o más fue estable en Brasil y en las regiones Sudeste, Sur y Centro-Oeste (variación porcentual anual: 10,7; 4,9; 8,4 y 12,2, respectivamente); y en las regiones Norte y Nordeste aumentó (variación porcentual anual: 16,6 y 20,6, respectivamente). Conclusión: hubo estabilidad en la incidencia de sida en Brasil y en las regiones Sudeste, Sur y Centro-Oeste, así como un aumento en la incidencia de la enfermedad en las regiones Norte y Nordeste, en la población estudiada.

Sexualidade de idosos participantes de um centro de convivência / Sexuality of elderly people participating in a cohabitation center / Sexualidad de las personas mayores que participan en un centro comunitario

Objetivo: analisar o comportamento sexual de idosos participantes de um centro de convivência. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 91 idosos participantes de um centro de convivências em Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso. A amostra foi de conveniência. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 2016, por meio de entrevista utilizando questionário estruturado. A análise foi descritiva. Resultados: 45,1%dos idosos têm vida sexual ativa, 95,1% têm desejo pelas práticas sexuais e 94,5% não faz uso de medidas preventivas para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. A maioria referiu dificuldades no ato sexual (82,9%) sendo as mais prevalentes o ressecamento vaginal(29,4%), ejaculação precoce(17,6%) e problemas na ereção (11,8%). A maioria dos idosos citou conhecer as seguintes IST: HIV/AIDS (67%), gonorreia (41,8%), papiloma vírus humano (HPV) (27,5%) e sífilis (22,0%). Conclusão: Os idosos apresentam dificuldades no ato sexual, não usam preservativos, porém, têm desejo sexual. Há necessidade de implementar intervenções para promoção da saúde sexual na velhice

Objective: to analyze the sexual behavior of elderly people participating in a community center. Method: cross-sectional study, carried out with 91 elderly people participating in a community center in Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso. The sample was of convenience. Data collection was carried out in 2016, through an interview using a structured questionnaire. The analysis was descriptive. Results: 45.1% of the elderly have an active sex life, 95.1% have a desire for sexual practices and 94.5% do not use preventive measures for sexually transmitted infections. Most reported difficulties in the sexual act (82.9%), the most prevalent being vaginal dryness (29.4%), premature ejaculation (17.6%) and problems with erection (11.8%). Most elderly people mentioned knowing the following STIs: HIV / AIDS (67%), gonorrhea (41.8%), human papilloma virus (HPV) (27.5%) and syphilis (22.0%). Conclusion: The elderly have difficulties in the sexual act, do not use condoms, however, they have sexual desire. There is a need to implement interventions to promote sexual health in old age

Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento sexual de personas mayores que participan en un centro comunitario. Método: estudio transversal, realizado con 91 adultos mayores en un centro comunitario de Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso. La muestra fue de conveniencia. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo en 2016, a través de una entrevista mediante un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis fue descriptivo. Resultados: el 45,1% de los adultos mayores tiene una vida sexual activa, el 95,1% tiene deseo de prácticas sexuales y el 94,5% no utiliza medidas preventivas para las infecciones de transmisión sexual. La mayoría refirió dificultades en el acto sexual (82,9%), siendo las más prevalentes la sequedad vaginal (29,4%), la eyaculación precoz (17,6%) y los problemas de erección (11,8%). La mayoría de los ancianos mencionó conocer las siguientes ITS: VIH / SIDA (67%), gonorrea (41,8%), virus del papiloma humano (VPH) (27,5%) y sífilis (22,0%). Conclusión: Los ancianos tienen dificultades en el acto sexual, no usan condón, sin embargo, tienen deseo sexual. Es necesario implementar intervenciones para promover la salud sexual en la vejez

Prevalência de sintomas depressivos em idosos atendidos em unidades de saúde da família e fatores associados / Prevalencia de síntomas depresivos em adultos mayores atendidos en unidades de salud de la familia y factores asociados / Prevalence of depressive symptoms in the elderly people assisted at the family health units and associated factors

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos em idosos atendidos nas Unidades de Saúde da Família e fatores associados. Método: estudo transversal, realizado como recorte de uma pesquisa executada em 2015 com amostra probabilística estratificada proporcional de 557 idosos, atendidos em Unidades de Saúde da Família em Tangará da Serra. As variáveis independentes são sociodemográficas e condições de saúde. A dependente é sintomas depressivos e foi avaliada por meio da escala de depressão. Para verificar os fatores associados foi realizado regressão de Poisson. Resultados: a prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi 22,8%. As variáveis associadas foram: percepção regular/ruim/péssima de saúde (RP=6,69; IC: 3,78-11,82); dependência funcional (RP=2,99; IC: 1,85-4,83) e não ter trabalho (RP = 3,96; IC: 1,02-15,38). Conclusão: a prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi maior que em outras pesquisas. Fatores sociais e relacionados às condições de saúde dos idosos associam-se com sintomas depressivos, sendo importante desenvolver ações para promover o envelhecimento ativo e saudável.

Objective: to analyze the prevalence of depressive symptoms in elderly people assisted at Family Health Units and associated factors. Method: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with a clipping of research in 2015 with a proportional stratified probabilistic sample of 557 elderly people assisted at Family Health Units in Tangará da Serra. The independent variables are sociodemographic and health conditions. The dependent variable is depressive symptoms and it was assessed using the depression scale. Poisson regression verified the associated factors. Results: the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 22.8%. The associated variables were: regular/bad/terrible health perception (PR = 6.69; CI: 3.78-11.82); functional dependence (PR = 2.99; CI: 1.85-4.83) and not having a job (PR = 3.96; CI: 1.02-15.38). Conclusion: the prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher than in other studies. Social factors and related to the health conditions of the elderly person are associated with depressive symptoms, and it is important to develop actions to promote active and healthy aging.

Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos en adultos mayores atendidos en las Unidades de Salud de la Familia y factores asociados. Método: estudio transversal, realizado como recorte de una investigación ejecutada en 2015 con una muestra probabilística estratificada proporcional de 557 adultos mayores, atendidos en Unidades de Salud de la Familia en Tangará da Serra. Las variables independentes son sociodemográficas y condiciones de salud. La variable dependiente es síntomas depresivos y fue evaluada por medio de la escala de depresión. Para verificar los factores asociados fue realizado regresión de Poisson. Resultados: la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos fue 22,8%. Las variables asociadas fueron: percepción regular/mala/pésima de salud (RP=6,69; IC: 3,78-11,82); dependencia funcional (RP=2,99; IC: 1,85-4,83) y no tener trabajo (RP = 3,96; IC: 1,02-15,38). Conclusión: la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos fue mayor que en otras investigaciones. Factores sociales y relacionados a las condiciones de salud de los adultos mayores se asocian con síntomas depresivos, siendo importante desarrollar acciones para promover el envejecimiento activo y saludable.