Perfil do médico que atua em cuidados paliativos no Brasil / Profile of the palliative care physician in Brazil / Perfil del médico que actúa en cuidados paliativos en Brasil

Resumo Cuidado paliativo é um modelo assistencial multidisciplinar de atenção à saúde que busca proporcionar conforto a paciente com doença ameaçadora da vida ou com doença grave e terminal. A medicina paliativa é reconhecida no Brasil há pouco tempo, sendo fundamental que o médico que trabalha nessa uma área desenvolva seu conhecimento. Desse modo, é relevante para o aprimoramento dos modelos de formação na área e na educação médica no Brasil compreender as caraterísticas desse profissional, identificando perfil sociodemográfico, formação profissional e atividade de trabalho. Este estudo tem recorte transversal, descritivo e exploratório, apresentando abordagem quantitativa. Os resultados são fruto de pesquisa nacional, realizada por meio de questionários aplicados a médicos que atuam em cuidados paliativos no Brasil.

Abstract Palliative care is a multidisciplinary health care model that seeks to provide comfort to patients with life-threatening or severe and terminal illness. Palliative medicine has only recently been recognized in Brazil, and it is essential that physicians working in this area develop their knowledge. Thus, to improve training models in palliative care and in medical education in Brazil, we must understand the characteristics of this professional, identifying sociodemographic profile, professional training, and work activity. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study, with a quantitative approach. Data were collected from a national survey conducted by means of questionnaires applied to palliative care physicians in Brazil.

Resumen Los cuidados paliativos son una modalidad de asistencia multidisciplinaria que busca brindar comodidad al paciente con enfermedad potencialmente mortal o con enfermedad grave y terminal. Hace poco tiempo que se ofrece la medicina paliativa en Brasil, por lo que es fundamental la capacitación de los médicos que actúan en esta área. Ante lo anterior, para la mejora de los modelos de formación en el área y en la educación médica en Brasil es importante comprender las características de este profesional al identificar el perfil sociodemográfico, la formación profesional y la actividad laboral. Este estudio es transversal, descriptivo y exploratorio, con enfoque cuantitativo. Los resultados utilizan datos de una encuesta nacional, con la realización de cuestionarios aplicados a médicos que actúan en cuidados paliativos en Brasil.

Core stabilisation exercises reduce chronic low back pain in Air Force fighter pilots: a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that core stabilisation, strength and endurance training contribute to reduce low back pain in the general population. However, we are not aware of the effect of these exercises on fighter aviation pilots. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effects of an exercise protocol on chronic low back pain in Brazilian Air Force fighter pilots. Changes in neck pain, lumbar disability, range of motion, strength and resistance were also investigated. METHODS: Fourteen participants with chronic low back pain were randomised into two groups: stabilisation exercise group (SEG-n=7), exercise protocol twice a week for 12 weeks) and the regular exercise group (REG-n=7), which performed their own usual exercise routine. The evaluations were carried out before and after the training period. The primary outcome was the intensity of low back pain and the secondary outcomes were cervical pain, functional disability, range of motion, maximum isometric strength and trunk muscle resistance. RESULTS: The SEG had a significant reduction in low back pain compared with the REG (difference of 2.3 points, p=0.04) and a lower rate of cervical pain (difference of 2.5 points, p=0.01) at the end of the protocol. Maintenance of trunk muscle strength was also observed in the SEG over the period, while the REG presented a decrease in flexural strength to the right side (difference between groups: -3.7%, p=0.04). There were no differences in the rates of disability, range of motion or resistance to fatigue between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The stabilisation exercise programme focused on the core muscles was successful in decreasing the fighter pilots' chronic lumbar pain. Pilots are normally active; however, our results indicate that specific trunk training programmes should be offered considering the work needs of these subjects. CLINICAL TRIALS: 'Exercise protocol for pilots with back pain' (registered: 09 October 2018)-NCT03713814 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03713814).

Bioética e cuidados paliativos na graduação médica: proposta curricular / Bioethics and palliative care in medical school: a curriculum proposal / Bioética y cuidados paliativos en la graduación médica: propuesta curricular

Resumo O envelhecimento populacional provocado pelo aumento da expectativa de vida resultará em uma demanda cada vez maior de profissionais especializados em cuidados paliativos. Devido ao crescente número de pacientes que necessitam desse perfil de cuidado, é de grande relevância priorizar o ensino paliativo durante a graduação médica, visto que o ensino de bioética e cuidados paliativos ainda é tímido nos currículos das faculdades de medicina brasileiras. Portanto, discutir novos currículos pode contribuir para a educação médica na área e permitir melhor capacitação em medicina paliativa para a futura trajetória profissional do estudante de medicina. Apresentamos uma nova proposta curricular, fruto de pesquisa sobre o ensino de bioética e cuidados paliativos na graduação médica de uma escola do Distrito Federal.

Abstract Population aging caused by increased life expectancy will result in an increasing demand for professionals specialized in palliative care. Due to the growing number of patients in need of this care profile, medical schools must prioritize palliative education during undergraduate studies, since the teaching of bioethics and palliative care remains timid in the curricula of Brazilian medical schools. Discussing new curricula can therefore contribute to medical education in the field and allow for better training in palliative medicine for the future professional trajectory of medical students. A new curriculum proposal is presented, result of a research on the teaching of bioethics and palliative care in a medical school in the Federal District, Brazil.

Resumen El envejecimiento de la población causado por el aumento de la esperanza de vida se traducirá en una creciente demanda de profesionales especializados en cuidados paliativos. Debido al creciente número de pacientes que necesitan ese perfil de atención, es de gran relevancia priorizar la educación paliativa durante la graduación médica, ya que la enseñanza de la bioética y los cuidados paliativos es todavía tímida en los currículos de las escuelas de medicina brasileñas. Por lo tanto, discutir nuevos currículos puede contribuir a la educación médica en el área y permitir una mejor formación en medicina paliativa para la futura trayectoria profesional del estudiante de medicina. Presentamos una nueva propuesta curricular, resultado de una investigación sobre la enseñanza de la bioética y los cuidados paliativos en la graduación de medicina de una escuela del Distrito Federal.

Does a Playful Intervention Promote Hand Hygiene? Compliance and Educator's Beliefs about Hand Hygiene at a Daycare Center.

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to analyze hand hygiene compliance before and after a playful intervention, and caregivers' beliefs, perception of self-efficacy, and barriers to hand hygiene at a daycare center in Brazil. DESIGN AND METHODS: This a quasi-experimental study was conducted from January to July 2017 in a daycare center that provides full-time education for children aged zero to four years from low-income families. The playful intervention with 24 caregivers included an emoji card game to address their beliefs and perception of self-efficacy and a product that reveals dirty areas on washed hands. For 126 children aged two to four years we used a story told through puppets, card games, songs, and a practice of washing hands colored with tempera paint. RESULTS: The results showed that the playful intervention with children and caregivers increased hand hygiene compliance from 13.3% to 41.4% with a significant statistical difference (p < 0.001) after the intervention. The caregiver's perception of self-efficacy for hand hygiene was higher after bathroom use (59.8%) and lower after playing outdoors (28.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Playful interventions performed by nurses promote hand hygiene compliance among children and caregivers at daycare centers. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Practice implications include that health education provided by pediatric nurses is essential in promoting health and preventing the dissemination of infectious diseases to children and caregivers at daycare centers.

Effect of Perioperative Goal-Directed Hemodynamic Resuscitation Therapy on Outcomes Following Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial and Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of goal-directed therapy on outcomes in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. DESIGN: A prospective randomized controlled trial and an updated metaanalysis of randomized trials published from inception up to May 1, 2015. SETTING: Surgical ICU within a tertiary referral university-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred twenty-six high-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery or valve repair. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to a cardiac output-guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm (goal-directed therapy group, n = 62) or to usual care (n = 64). In the goal-directed therapy arm, a cardiac index of greater than 3 L/min/m was targeted with IV fluids, inotropes, and RBC transfusion starting from cardiopulmonary bypass and ending 8 hours after arrival to the ICU. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of 30-day mortality and major postoperative complications. Patients from the goal-directed therapy group received a greater median (interquartile range) volume of IV fluids than the usual care group (1,000 [625-1,500] vs 500 [500-1,000] mL; p < 0.001], with no differences in the administration of either inotropes or RBC transfusions. The primary outcome was reduced in the goal-directed therapy group (27.4% vs 45.3%; p = 0.037). The goal-directed therapy group had a lower occurrence rate of infection (12.9% vs 29.7%; p = 0.002) and low cardiac output syndrome (6.5% vs 26.6%; p = 0.002). We also observed lower ICU cumulative dosage of dobutamine (12 vs 19 mg/kg; p = 0.003) and a shorter ICU (3 [3-4] vs 5 [4-7] d; p < 0.001) and hospital length of stay (9 [8-16] vs 12 [9-22] d; p = 0.049) in the goal-directed therapy compared with the usual care group. There were no differences in 30-day mortality rates (4.8% vs 9.4%, respectively; p = 0.492). The metaanalysis identified six trials and showed that, when compared with standard treatment, goal-directed therapy reduced the overall rate of complications (goal-directed therapy, 47/410 [11%] vs usual care, 92/415 [22%]; odds ratio, 0.40 [95% CI, 0.26-0.63]; p < 0.0001) and decreased the hospital length of stay (mean difference, -5.44 d; 95% CI, -9.28 to -1.60; p = 0.006) with no difference in postoperative mortality: 9 of 410 (2.2%) versus 15 of 415 (3.6%), odds ratio, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.26-1.47), and p = 0.27. CONCLUSIONS: Goal-directed therapy using fluids, inotropes, and blood transfusion reduced 30-day major complications in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery.