Lifestyle and rehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: guidance for health professionals and support for exercise and rehabilitation programs.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory viral disease for both the general population and healthcare professionals caring for infected patients. Of particular concern is the potential for significant respiratory, cardiovascular, physical, and psychological dysfunctions.Areas covered: In this context, the current review will focus on the following areas: 1) staying physically active during the COVID-19 pandemic; 2) highlighting the importance of understanding COVID-19 mechanisms; 3) preventing infections for healthcare workers by using personal protective equipment; 4) highlighting importance of respiratory care and physical therapy during hospitalization in patients with COVID-19; and 5) facilitating referral to a rehabilitation program in patients recovering from COVID-19.Expert opinion: We recommend daily physical exercise, outdoors or at home, as physical exercise increases the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines; Patients with COVID-19 may develop severe acute respiratory syndrome, hypoxemia, diffuse alveolar damage, ACE2 reduction in the cardiovascular system and muscle weakness acquired through a prolonged hospital stay; The role of the physiotherapist in the hospital environment is of fundamental importance-early mobilization is highly recommended in severe cases of COVID-19.

Monitorização hemodinâmica em emergência. Visão do fisioterapeuta: fisiologia aos efeitos da ventilação mecânica / Hemodynamic monitoring in emergency, the physiotherapist's perspectives: physiology for the effects of mechanical ventilation

Em diversas situações de emergência cardiológica, a tomada de decisão rápida a beira leito deve estar bem fundamentada para melhor eficácia terapêutica e baseada no conhecimento fisiológico e fisiopatológico da disfunção cardíaca que associada com a adequada monitorização hemodinâmica do paciente possibilitam indicar ou contraindicar o uso da ventilação mecânica invasiva e não-invasiva. Portanto, o presente artigo de opinião reitera alguns aspectos hemodinâmicos a serem lembrados e aplicados no dia a dia do fisioterapeuta

In various cardiac emergency situations, rapid decision-making at the patient's bedside should be well-founded, to ensure better therapeutic efficacy that is based on a physiological and pathophysiological knowledge of the cardiac dysfunction and adequate hemodynamic monitoring of the patient, enabling the indication or non-indication of invasive/non-invasive mechanical ventilation. This opinion article therefore reiterates some hemodynamic aspects to be remembered and applied in the physical therapist's daily routine

Short-term effects of passive mobilization on the sublingual microcirculation and on the systemic circulation in patients with septic shock.

BACKGROUND: Active mobilization is not possible in patients under deep sedation and unable to follow commands. In this scenario, passive therapy is an interesting alternative. However, in patients with septic shock, passive mobilization may have risks related to increased oxygen consumption. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of passive mobilization on sublingual microcirculation and systemic hemodynamics in patients with septic shock. METHODS: We included patients who were older than 18 years, who presented with septic shock, and who were under sedation and mechanical ventilation. Passive exercise was applied for 20 min with 30 repetitions per minute. Systemic hemodynamic and microcirculatory variables were compared before (T0) and up to 10 min after (T1) passive exercise. p values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: We included 35 patients (median age [IQR 25-75%]: 68 [49.0-78.0] years; mean (±SD) Simplified Acute Physiologic Score (SAPS) 3 score: 66.7 ± 12.1; median [IQR 25-75%] Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score: 9 [7.0-12.0]). After passive mobilization, there was a slight but significant increase in proportion of perfused vessels (PPV) (T0 [IQR 25-75%]: 78.2 [70.9-81.9%]; T1 [IQR 25-75%]: 80.0 [75.2-85.1] %; p = 0.029), without any change in other microcirculatory variables. There was a reduction in heart rate (HR) (T0 (mean ± SD): 95.6 ± 22.0 bpm; T1 (mean ± SD): 93.8 ± 22.0 bpm; p < 0.040) and body temperature (T0 (mean ± SD): 36.9 ± 1.1 °C; T1 (mean ± SD): 36.7 ± 1.2 °C; p < 0.002) with no change in other systemic hemodynamic variables. There was no significant correlation between PPV variation and HR (r = -0.010, p = 0.955), cardiac index (r = 0.218, p = 0.215) or mean arterial pressure (r = 0.276, p = 0.109) variation. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with septic shock after the initial phase of hemodynamic resuscitation, passive exercise is not associated with relevant changes in sublingual microcirculation or systemic hemodynamics.

Hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation effects after increased in positive end expiratory pressure in coronary artery bypass surgery

BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, several complications can be observed during the postoperative period. Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves gas exchange, but it might be related to decreased cardiac output and possible impairment of tissue oxygenation. The aim of this study was to investigate the hemodynamic effects and oxygen saturation of central venous blood (ScvO2) after increasing PEEP in hypoxemic patients after coronary artery bypass (CAB) surgery. METHODS: Seventy post-cardiac surgery patients (CAB), 61 ± 7 years, without ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction 57 ± 2%), with hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2 ratio <200) were enrolled. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, arterial and venous blood samples were measured at intensive care unit and PEEP was increased to 12 cmH2O for 30min. RESULTS: As expected, PEEP12 improved arterial oxygenation and PaO2/FiO2 ratio (p < 0.0001). Reduction in ScvO2 was observed between PEEP5 (63 ± 2%) and PEEP12 (57 ± 1%; p = 0.01) with higher values of blood lactate in PEEP12 (p < 0.01). No hemodynamic effects (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, SpO2; p > 0.05) were related. CONCLUSION: Increased PEEP after cardiac surgery decreased ScvO2 and increased blood lactate, even with higher O2 delivery. PEEP did not interfere in hemodynamics status in CAB patients, suggesting that peripheral parameters must be controlled and measured during procedures involving increased PEEP in post-cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit.

Hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation effects after increased in positive end-expiratory pressure in coronary artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, several complications can be observed during the postoperative period. Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves gas exchange, but it might be related to decreased cardiac output and possible impairment of tissue oxygenation. The aim of this study was to investigate the hemodynamic effects and oxygen saturation of central venous blood (ScvO2) after increasing PEEP in hypoxemic patients after coronary artery bypass (CAB) surgery. METHODS: Seventy post-cardiac surgery patients (CAB), 61 ± 7 years, without ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction 57 ± 2%), with hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2 ratio <200) were enrolled. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, arterial and venous blood samples were measured at intensive care unit and PEEP was increased to 12 cmH2O for 30 min. RESULTS: As expected, PEEP12 improved arterial oxygenation and PaO2/FiO2 ratio (p < 0.0001). Reduction in ScvO2 was observed between PEEP5 (63 ± 2%) and PEEP12 (57 ± 1%; p = 0.01) with higher values of blood lactate in PEEP12 (p < 0.01). No hemodynamic effects (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, SpO2; p > 0.05) were related. CONCLUSION: Increased PEEP after cardiac surgery decreased ScvO2 and increased blood lactate, even with higher O2 delivery. PEEP did not interfere in hemodynamics status in CAB patients, suggesting that peripheral parameters must be controlled and measured during procedures involving increased PEEP in post-cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit.

Aplicabilidade do peso ideal na titulação do volume corrente em pacientes no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca / Applicability of ideal weight in the titration of the flow volume in immediate postoperative cardiac surgery patients

Introdução: A ventilação mecânica (VM) é indispensável nas intervençõescirúrgicas cardíacas. Porém, mesmo que por curto períodode tempo, pode causar prejuízo pulmonar, com lesões no parênquimapor excesso de pressão e/ou volume nas vias aéreas. Na titulação dovolume corrente (VC), é comum utilizar o peso real e não o pesoideal, aquele calculado baseando-se pela altura, o que poderia geraralterações gasométricas e na mecânica pulmonar. Objetivo: Comparara titulação do volume corrente pelo peso ideal e pelo peso realdurante o uso da VM no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca.Método: Ensaio clínico prospectivo, randomizado, realizado no períodode agosto a novembro de 2008. Pacientes de ambos os gêneros,idade entre 18 e 80 anos foram randomizados em dois grupos: peso real(PR) e peso ideal (PI) durante o pós-operatório imediato de cirurgiacardíaca, nos quais foram analisados a troca gasosa, pela gasometriarealizada no ato de admissão e 30 minutos após a mesma; e a mecânicapulmonar (pressão platô). Pacientes com acidose metabólicacom pH < 7,2 foram excluídos. A análise estatística incluiu teste denormalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, teste t com p < 0,05, e testede Mann Whitney para variáveis não paramétricas. Resultados: Totalde 55 pacientes, sendo 28 no grupo PR e 25 no PI; dois pacientesexcluídos, restando 29 homens e 24 mulheres. A idade média foi de58,83 ± 11,74 anos. Os valores de pressão platô (PR: 19,29 cmH2Ovs PI: 17,12 cmH2O), pH (PR: 7,38 vs. PI: 7,32) e PCO2 (PR: 34,5mmHg vs. PI: 40,85 mmHg) foram estatisticamente significantes,com p < 0,04, p < 0,01 e p < 0,02, respectivamente. Conclusão: Usodo PR pareceu ser benéfico na população estudada quando analisadodistúrbio ácido básico; porém, o grupo PI mostrou-se melhor quantoà mecânica pulmonar.

Introduction: The mechanical ventilation (MV) is essential in cardiacsurgery. But even for a short period of time, the MV can causelung injury with parenchyma injury of pressure and/or volume inthe airways. In the titration of tidal it is common to use the actualweight rather than the ideal weight, calculated based on the height,which could generate gasometric and changes in lung mechanics.Objective: To compare the titration of the current volume by idealweight and the actual weight during the use of MV in the immediatepostoperative period of cardiac surgery. Method: Clinical prospective,randomized, carried out from August to November 2008. Patientsof both sexes, aged between 18 and 80 years, randomized into twogroups: actual weight (AW) and ideal weight (IW), in the immediatepostoperative period of cardiac surgery. The blood gas analysis wasconducted in the act of admission and 30 minutes after that. Blood gasand pressure plateau results were compared among the two groups.Patients with metabolic acidosis of pH < 7.2 were excluded. Statisticalanalysis included the test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality, t testwith p < 0.05, and the Mann Whitney test for non parametric variables.Results: Total 55 patients being 28 PR and 25 IP, 2 excludedpatients, 29 men and 24 women. The average age was 58.83 ± 11.74years. The values of Plateau pressure (real: 19.29 vs ideal: 17.12), pH(real: 7.38 vs ideal: 7.32) and PCO2 (real: 34.5 vs ideal: 40.85) werestatistically significant, with p < 0.04, p < 0.01 and p < 0.02, respectively.Conclusion: Using the actual weight seemed to be beneficialin the study population as compared to the ideal weight when disturbacid basic was analyzed.

Estudo comparativo da resposta da pressão arterial e da frequência cardíaca entre exercícios isotônicos resistidos e isométricos em indivíduos hipertensos e normotensos / Comparative study of blood pressure and heart rate responses between isotonic and isometric resistance exercises in hypertensive and normotensive subjects

A monitorização da frequência cardíaca e da pressão arterial após o exercício físico é uma prática utilizada em programas de reabilitação cardiovascular. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar diferença nas respostas da pressão arterial e da frequência cardíaca entre exercícios físicos isotônicos resistidos e isométricos resistidos em hipertensos e normotensos...