[Eye care services evaluation in a low-income urban population of São Paulo City--Brazil]. / Avaliação dos serviços de assistência ocular em população urbana de baixa renda da cidade de São Paulo--Brasil.

PURPOSE: To evaluate eye care services from the user's perspective in a low income population from the east zone of the city of São Paulo--Brazil. METHODS: A household survey was performed using cluster sampling in three low income districts of the city of São Paulo--Brazil. From July/2004 to January/2005, 1055 interviews with an adult household representative were carried and an eye care system responsiveness questionnaire was administered through individual interview. RESULTS: 71.56% of the participants were women. Respondents' age ranged from 18 to 92 years (41.42 +/- 15.67 years). Regarding schooling, 525 (49.77%) had four years or less; 489 (46.35%) between five and eleven years, 40 (3.79%) had eleven or more years of study. Eye care services need was reported as 712 (67.49%) declaring themselves or someone else of the household needing and obtaining services and 135 (12.80%) had never needed eye care. The most frequently cited barriers to obtain the eye care service by respondents was cost (77.29%), followed by unsuccessful attempt to obtain eye care (42.21%). General satisfaction for the criteria contained in the questionnaire was 63.37%. In the 36.63% dissatisfied respondents, the most frequently cited claim was the amount of time waited before consultation. CONCLUSION: The main barriers to obtain eye care services were cost of medical appointment and lack of access to the services. 63.37% of the individuals in need who had received eye care in last 12 months were satisfied with the service provided.

Avaliação dos serviços de assistência ocular em população urbana de baixa renda da cidade de São Paulo - Brasil / Eye care services evaluation in a low-income urban population of São Paulo City - Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os serviços de assistência ocular do ponto de vista do usuário em população de baixa renda, na zona leste da cidade de São Paulo - Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado por meio de inquérito domiciliar em uma amostra por conglomerados em três distritos de baixa renda da cidade de São Paulo - Brasil. No período de julho/2004 a janeiro/2005 foram realizadas 1.055 entrevistas com um representante do domicílio, sendo aplicado o questionário de responsividade aos serviços de assistência ocular em entrevista individual. RESULTADOS: Dos participantes, 71,56 por cento eram mulheres. A idade dos respondentes variou de 18 a 92 anos (41,42 ± 15,67 anos). Quanto à escolaridade, 525 (49,77 por cento) tinham 4 anos ou menos; 489 (46,35 por cento) entre 5 e 11 anos; 40 (3,79 por cento) 11 ou mais anos de estudo. Quanto à necessidade de utilização dos serviços de assistência ocular: 712 (67,49 por cento) relataram que algum morador do seu domicílio necessitou e obteve assistência ocular e 135 (12,80 por cento) nunca precisaram de assistência ocular. A barreira mais frequentemente citada para obtenção dos serviços de assistência ocular pelos respondentes foi o custo da consulta (77,29 por cento) seguida de tentativa frustrada de obtenção da assistência ocular (42,21 por cento). A frequência de avaliações positivas para os critérios contidos no questionário foi de 63,37 por cento. Dos 36,63 por cento respondentes insatisfeitos, o tempo de espera na sala de recepção dos serviços de assistência ocular foi o fator mais frequentemente apontado. CONCLUSÃO: As principais barreiras para obter assistência ocular foram o custo da consulta e a falta de acesso aos serviços, 63,37 por cento dos indivíduos que necessitaram e obtiveram assistência ocular nos últimos 12 meses mostraram-se satisfeitos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate eye care services from the user's perspective in a low income population from the east zone of the city of São Paulo - Brazil. METHODS: A household survey was performed using cluster sampling in three low income districts of the city of São Paulo - Brazil. From July/2004 to January/2005, 1055 interviews with an adult household representative were carried and an eye care system responsiveness questionnaire was administered through individual interview. RESULTS: 71.56 percent of the participants were women. Respondents' age ranged from 18 to 92 years (41.42 ± 15.67 years). Regarding schooling, 525 (49.77 percent) had four years or less; 489 (46.35 percent) between five and eleven years, 40 (3.79 percent) had eleven or more years of study. Eye care services need was reported as 712 (67.49 percent) declaring themselves or someone else of the household needing and obtaining services and 135 (12.80 percent) had never needed eye care. The most frequently cited barriers to obtain the eye care service by respondents was cost (77.29 percent), followed by unsuccessful attempt to obtain eye care (42.21 percent). General satisfaction for the criteria contained in the questionnaire was 63.37 percent. In the 36.63 percent dissatisfied respondents, the most frequently cited claim was the amount of time waited before consultation. CONCLUSION: The main barriers to obtain eye care services were cost of medical appointment and lack of access to the services. 63.37 percent of the individuals in need who had received eye care in last 12 months were satisfied with the service provided.

Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in low-middle income school children in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

PURPOSE: Assess prevalence and causes of vision impairment among low-middle income school children in São Paulo. METHODS: Cluster sampling was used to obtain a random sample of children ages 11 to 14 years from public schools (grades 5-8) in three districts from June to November 2005. The examination included visual acuity testing, ocular motility, and examination of the external eye, anterior segment, and media. Cycloplegic refraction and fundus examination were performed in children with uncorrected visual acuity 20/40 or worse in either eye. A principal cause of visual impairment was determined for eyes with uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse. RESULTS: A total of 2825 children were enumerated and 2441 (86.4%) were examined. The prevalence of uncorrected, presenting, and best-corrected visual acuity 20/40 or worse in the better eye was 4.82%, 2.67%, and 0.41%, respectively. Spectacles were used by 144 (5.9%) children. Refractive error was a cause in 76.8% of children with visual impairment in one or both eyes; amblyopia, 11.4%; retinal disorders, 5.9%; other causes, 2.7%; and unexplained causes, 7.7%. Myopic visual impairment (spherical equivalent -0.50 D in one or both eyes) was not associated with age or grade level, but female sex was marginally significant (P = 0.070). Hyperopic visual impairment (+2.00 D or more) was not associated with age, grade level, or sex. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of reduced vision in low-middle income urban São Paulo school children was low, most of it because of uncorrected refractive error. Cost-effective strategies are needed to address this easily treated cause of vision impairment.

Prevalence and causes of vision impairment and blindness in older adults in Brazil: the Sao Paulo Eye Study.

PURPOSE: Investigate prevalence and causes of vision impairment/blindness in older adults in a low-middle income area of Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Cluster sampling, based on geographically defined census sectors, was used in randomly selecting cross-sectionally persons 50 years of age or older. Subjects were enumerated through a door-to-door survey and invited for measurement of presenting and best-corrected visual acuity and an ocular examination. The principal cause was identified for eyes with presenting visual acuity less than 20/32. RESULTS: A total of 4,224 eligible persons in 2,870 households were enumerated, and 3,678 (87.1%) examined. The prevalence of presenting visual acuity > or = 20/32 in both eyes was 61.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 59.4%-63.9%), and 80.4% (95% CI: 78.8%-82.1%) with best correction. The prevalence of visual impairment (< 20/63 to > or =20/200) in the better eye was 4.74% (95% CI: 3.97%-5.53%), and 2.00% (95% CI: 1.52%-2.49%) with best correction. The prevalence of presenting bilateral blindness (< 20/200) was 1.51% (95% CI: 1.20%-1.82%), and 1.07% (95% CI: 0.79%-1.35%) with best correction. Presenting blindness was associated with older age and lack of schooling. Retinal disorders (35.3%) and cataract (28.3%) were the most common causes of blind eyes. Cataract (33.2%), refractive error (32.3%), and retinal disorders (20.3%) were the main causes of vision impairment < 20/63 to > or = 20/200, with refractive error (76.8%) and cataract (12.2%) as main causes for eyes with acuity < 20/32 to > or = 20/63. CONCLUSIONS: Vision impairment is a significant problem in older Brazilians reinforcing the need to implement prevention of blindness programs for elderly people with emphasis on those without schooling.

Haplogroup effects and recombination of mitochondrial DNA: novel clues from the analysis of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy pedigrees.

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 87 index cases with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) sequentially diagnosed in Italy, including an extremely large Brazilian family of Italian maternal ancestry, was evaluated in detail. Only seven pairs and three triplets of identical haplotypes were observed, attesting that the large majority of the LHON mutations were due to independent mutational events. Assignment of the mutational events into haplogroups confirmed that J1 and J2 play a role in LHON expression but narrowed the association to the subclades J1c and J2b, thus suggesting that two specific combinations of amino acid changes in the cytochrome b are the cause of the mtDNA background effect and that this may occur at the level of the supercomplex formed by respiratory-chain complexes I and III. The families with identical haplotypes were genealogically reinvestigated, which led to the reconnection into extended pedigrees of three pairs of families, including the Brazilian family with its Italian counterpart. The sequencing of entire mtDNA samples from the reconnected families confirmed the genealogical reconstruction but showed that the Brazilian family was heteroplasmic at two control-region positions. The survey of the two sites in 12 of the Brazilian subjects revealed triplasmy in most cases, but there was no evidence of the tetraplasmy that would be expected in the case of mtDNA recombination.

[Visual acuity and full-field electroretinography in patients with Usher's syndrome]. / Acuidade visual e eletrorretinografia de campo total em pacientes com síndrome de Usher.

PURPOSE: Usher's syndrome (US) is a group of genetically distinct autosomal conditions, characterized by sensorineural hearing loss accompanied by a retinal dystrophy indistinguishable from retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The purpose of this study was to analyze full-field electroretinography (ERG) and visual acuity (VA) among patients with type I and II Usher's syndrome. METHODS: Electroretinography responses and visual acuity were studied in 22 patients (mean age at test = 26.8+/-16.8 years). Seventeen patients had SU type I and 5 patients were diagnosed as Usher's syndrome type II. RESULTS: Mean visual acuity was 0.9 logMAR (20/160, Snellen equivalent) for patients with Usher's syndrome type I and 0.4 logMAR (20/50, Snellen equivalent) for patients with Usher's syndrome type II. Scotopic rod and maximal responses were non-detectable in both groups. Mean amplitude for oscillatory potentials was 14.5 microV+/-6.1 in Usher's syndrome type I and 12.6 microV+/-5.2 in Usher's syndrome type II. Cone responses were non-detectable in 95% of the patients with Usher's syndrome I and in 100% of patients with Usher's syndrome II. Mean amplitude for 30 Hz flicker photopic cone response was 3.1 microV+/-4.1 for Usher's syndrome type I and 1.0 microV+/-0.6 for type II with mean implicit time of 34.0 ms+/-6.2 (US I) and 35.8 ms+/-3.1 (type II). CONCLUSIONS: Visual acuity was relatively preserved in both groups, however Usher's syndrome II group showed better visual acuity results. Electroretinography findings were severely reduced in both groups, with most patients showing non-detectable rod and cone responses.

Acuidade visual e eletrorretinografia de campo total em pacientes com síndrome de Usher / Visual acuity and full-field electroretinography in patients with Usher's syndrome

A síndrome de Usher (SU) é doença autossômica recessiva caracterizada por perda auditiva neuro-sensorial acompanhada de retinose pigmentária (RP). OBJETIVO: Analisar a eletrorretinografia de campo total (ERG) e a acuidade visual (AV) em pacientes com síndrome de Usher tipos I e II. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas as respostas da eletrorretinografia de campo total e a acuidade visual de 22 pacientes (idade média = 26,8±16,8 anos). Destes, 17 tinham síndrome de Usher tipo I e 5 tinham síndrome de Usher tipo II. RESULTADOS: A acuidade visual média do grupo síndrome de Usher I foi de 0,9 logMAR (20/160, equivalente de Snellen) e do grupo síndrome de Usher II de 0,4 logMAR (20/50, equivalente de Snellen). As respostas dos bastonetes e as máximas respostas mostraram-se não detectáveis nos dois grupos. A amplitude média dos potenciais oscilatórios foi de 14,5 µV±6,1 na síndrome de Usher I e na síndrome de Usher II de 12,6 µV±5,2. As respostas de cones foram não detectáveis em 95 por cento dos pacientes com síndrome de Usher I e em 100 por cento dos pacientes com síndrome de Usher II. A amplitude média do flicker a 30 Hz nos pacientes com síndrome de Usher I foi de 3,1 µV±4,1 e do tempo de culminação de 34,0ms±6,2; nos pacientes com síndrome de Usher II a média de amplitude foi de 1,0 mV±0,6 e do tempo de culminação de 35,8 ms±3,1. CONCLUSAO: A acuidade visual mostrou-se relativamente preservada nos dois grupos, porém com melhores resultados no grupo de síndrome de Usher II. Os achados eletrorretinográficos mostraram-se grandemente reduzidos em ambos os grupos, com a maioria dos pacientes apresentando respostas não detectáveis de bastonetes e cones.

Estudo normativo do eletrorretinograma de campo total em adultos jovens / Normative study ot the full-field electroretinogram in young adults

Objetivos: A proposta deste estudo é estabelecer valores normativos para o eletrorretinograma (ERG) de campo total, em um grupo de voluntários adultos jovens segundo o protocolo padrão recomendado pela Sociedade Internacional de Eletrofisiologia Visual Clínica (ISCEV). Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 42 voluntários normais com idades variando de 15 a 26 anos, sendo 20 homens e 22 mulheres. Os eletrorretinogramas de campo total foram obtidos com eletrodos de lente de contato bipolares e seguiram as 5 etapas do protocolo da Sociedade Internacional de Eletrofisiologia Visual Clínica: a) resposta de bastonetes; b) reposta máxima; c) potenciais oscilatórios; d) resposta máxima de cones; e) resposta de cones ao flicker 30 Hz. Os parâmetros analisados foram a amplitude de resposta do pico da onda-a até o pico da onda-b (pico a pico em µV)e o tempo de culminação da onda-b (ms). Resultados: As médias (ñ 1 desvio padrão) da amplitude pico a pico foram: resposta de bastonetes - 241,1ñ66,9 µV; resposta máxima - 385,4ñ71,8 µV; potenciais oscilatórios - 180,6ñ48,6 µV; resposta de cones - 102,8ñ36,3 pV e flicker 30 Hz - 69,2ñ26,6 µV. Para o tempo implícito da onda-b os valores foram: resposta de bastonetes - 85,2ñ7,6 ms; resposta máxima - 45,6ñ2,0 ms; resposta de cones - 27,8ñ1,2 ms e flicker 30Hz - 27,9ñ1,2 ms. Os resultados foram comparáveis entre os grupos masculino e feminino, exceto para a resposta máxima em que as mulheres obtiveram amplitudes estatisticamente maiores (t=2,06; P=0,046). Conclusão: Os valores encontrados estão de acordo com dados normativos da literatura e são fundamentais para o diagnóstico correto de disfunções retinianas em pacientes na mesma faixa etária. Inclusão de outras faixas etárias e o aumento no número de sujeitos testados são necessários para estender valores normativos para o eletrorretinograma.