Resultados cardiometabólicos de largo plazo tras cirugía bariátrica: control de comorbilidades, pérdida y reganancia de peso a los 5 años de seguimiento / Long-term cardiometabolic results after bariatric surgery: Control of comorbidities, weight loss and regain at 5 years of follow-up

Introducción. La cirugía bariátrica y metabólica (CBM) es efectiva en lograr pérdida de peso a corto plazo. Sin embargo, existe evidencia limitada en desenlaces clínicos y metabólicos a largo plazo. Métodos. Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo con pacientes llevados a baipás gástrico en Y de Roux (BGYR) o gastrectomía en manga (MG) por laparoscopia en Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, entre 2013 y 2021. El cambio de peso, control de comorbilidades y resultados metabólicos se recopilaron al inicio del estudio, 3, 6 y 12 meses después de cirugía, y anualmente hasta el quinto año. Las tasas de control de comorbilidades se evaluaron mediante la prueba Kaplan-Meier. Se utilizó un modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox para evaluar el efecto de covariables en la reganancia de peso. Resultados. De 1092 pacientes con CBM (71,4 % MG y 28,6 % BGYR), 67 % eran mujeres, con mediana de edad 48 años e índice de masa corporal de 35,5 Kg/m2. Después de cinco años de seguimiento, la tasa de control en diabetes mellitus fue 65,5 %, en hipertensión 56,6 % y en dislipidemia 43,6 %. La tasa de reganancia de peso fue 28 %, sin diferencias entre MG vs BGYR (p=0,482). El tiempo promedio hasta peso nadir fue 14 meses. La edad al momento de CBM fue el mejor predictor independiente de reganancia (HR=1,02, IC95% 1,01-1,04), pero con efecto clínico modesto. Conclusión. La CBM es segura y muestra beneficios a largo plazo en la pérdida de peso y control de comorbilidades en población colombiana.

Introduction. Bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS) has shown its efficacy in achieving short-term weight loss. However, there is limited evidence regarding long-term clinical and metabolic outcomes. Methods. Retrospective longitudinal study with patients who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) interventions in Bogotá, Colombia, between 2013 and 2021. Weight change, comorbidity control, and metabolic outcomes were collected at the onset, 3-, 6-, and 12-month post-surgery, and annually up to the fifth year. Comorbidity control rates were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier test. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the effect of covariates on weight regain. Results. Of 1092 patients with BMS (71.4% SG and 28.6% RYGB), 67% were women, with a median age of 48 years, BMI 35.5 kg/m2. After five years of follow-up, the control rate in diabetes mellitus was 65.5%, in hypertension 56.6%, and dyslipidemia 43.6%. The weight regain rate was 28% with no differences between SG vs RYGB (p=0.482). The mean time to nadir weight was 14 months. Age at the time of BMS was the best independent predictor of weight regain (HR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01-1.04), but with a modest clinical effect. Conclusion. BMS is safe and shows long-term benefits in weight loss and control of comorbidities in Colombian population.

Eficacia y seguridad del rituximab en el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple: una postura racional en el contexto colombiano / Efficacy and safety of rituximab in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a rational position in the Colombian context

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La esclerosis múltiple es una enfermedad neuroinflamatoria, crónica, degenerativa e incurable, asociada a pérdida neuronal, grados crecientes de discapacidad y deterioro cognoscitivo. Su manejo conlleva grandes costos para los sistemas de salud y la sociedad en general. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad del uso del rituximab en el manejo de la esclerosis múltiple. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Revisión de la literatura y evaluación de la tecnología en salud tipo mini-HTA en red colaborativa con el Comité de Esclerosis Múltiple de la Asociación Colombiana de Neurología y el Instituto Global de Excelencia Clínica. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 27 referencias de texto completo para el análisis de la seguridad y la eficacia del rituximab en el manejo de la esclerosis múltiple. Se utilizaron análisis de costos, indicadores epidemiológicos y estudios pivótales de rituximab. CONCLUSIÓN: La evidencia analizada confirma que la terapia con rituximab es efectiva y segura en el manejo de las formas de esclerosis múltiple remitente-recurrente (EMRR) y esclerosis múltiple primaria-progresiva (EMPP), con menor tasa de eventos adversos y tasas de interrupción o abandono del tratamiento más bajas que otras terapias modificadoras de la enfermedad (TME).

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis is a neuroinflammatory, chronic, degenerative, and incurable disease, associated with neuronal loss, increasing degrees of disability, and cognitive control. Its treatment causes great costs for health systems and society in general. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the use of rituximab in the management of multiple sclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature review and evaluation of mini-HTA type health technology in a collaborative network with the Multiple Sclerosis Committee of the Colombian Association of Neurology and the Global Institute of Clinical Excellence. RESULTS: 27 full-text references were identified for the safety and efficacy analysis of rituximab in the management of multiple sclerosis. Cost analysis, epidemiological indicators, and pivotal studies of rituximab were incorporated into the analysis. CONCLUSION: The evidence analyzed confirms that rituximab therapy is effective and safe in the management of the forms of Recurrent-Remittent Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) and Primary-Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PPMS), with a lower rate of adverse events and discontinuation or withdrawal rates of treatment lower than other disease-modifying therapies.

Síndrome larva migrans cutánea en pediatría / Cutaneous Larva Migrans Syndrome in Pediatrics

La dermatosis denominada larva migrans cutánea: (LMC) es una infección cutánea secundaria a infestación parasitaria por la migración de larvas de anquilostomas animales a la epidermis humana, frecuentemente por contacto directo con suelos contaminados, especialmente en zonas tropicales. Se caracteriza por la aparición de lesiones induradas, eritematosas con patrón irregular o serpiginoso acompañado de prurito. Describimos un caso de LMC en una niña, adquirido durante unas vacaciones en Colombia y tratado inicialmente como celulitis con antibióticos (AU)

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is an infection secondary to parasitic infestation due to the migration of animal hookworm larvae into the human skin, frequently by direct contact with contaminated grounds, especially in the tropics. Clinically, it is characterized by the appearance of indurated, erythematous lesions with irregular or "creeping eruption" pattern and pruritus. This article describes a case of CLM infection in a pediatric patient, it was acquired during the holidays in Colombia, diagnosed as cellulitis and treated accordingly with antibiotics without success (AU)

[Recommendations for reopening elective surgery services during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic]. / Recomendaciones para la reapertura de servicios de cirugía electiva durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2.

Given the uncertainty that accompanies the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the need to respond to multiple chronic and acute health problems affecting the general population, including those requiring surgical intervention, the recommendations implemented in clinics and hospitals in Colombia are presented as a guide to achieve a reopening of elective surgery services in a safe, staggered and monitored manner in accordance with the dynamics imposed by the pandemic, national and international guidelines and the speed of production of scientific evidence related to COVID-19.

Recomendaciones para la reapertura de servicios de cirugía electiva durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2

Dada la incertidumbre que acompaña a la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y ante la necesidad de dar respuesta a múltiples problemas de salud crónicos y agudos que afectan a la población general, incluidos aquellos que precisan de una intervención quirúrgica, se presentan las recomendaciones implementadas en clínicas y hospitales de Colombia como guía para lograr una reapertura de los servicios de cirugía electiva de forma segura, escalonada y monitoreada acorde a la dinámica que impone la pandemia, la regulación nacional e internacional y la velocidad en la producción de evidencia científica relacionada con la COVID-19.

Given the uncertainty that accompanies the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the need to respond to multiple chronic and acute health problems affecting the general population, including those requiring surgical intervention, the recommendations implemented in clinics and hospitals in Colombia are presented as a guide to achieve a reopening of elective surgery services in a safe, staggered and monitored manner in accordance with the dynamics imposed by the pandemic, national and international guidelines and the speed of production of scientific evidence related to COVID-19.

[Reporting of birth defects from the Zika outbreak in Colombia, 2015-2017Notificação de defeitos congênitos associados ao surto de vírus zika na Colômbia, 2015-2017]. / Notificación de defectos congénitos por brote del virus del Zika en Colombia, 2015-2017.

OBJECTIVE: The Zika outbreak affected several tropical countries in 2015 and 2016, requiring the creation of intensified surveillance strategies for microcephaly and other neurological syndromes. The effect of the Zika outbreak on the reporting of birth defects in Colombia was evaluated from the perspective of the national surveillance system. METHODS: National reporting of newborns with different birth defects was analyzed; variations in reporting attributed to the epidemic were determined through difference in differences (DID), a semiparametric model. RESULTS: During the period of study, 18,234 cases of birth defects were reported in Colombia. The majority were congenital malformations (91.9%), and 82.3% was confirmed by clinical diagnosis or epidemiological link. In the case of microcephaly, eight new cases per epidemiological week were reported (coefficient of case reporting [D] = 8.8; P = 0.000) and 32 cases from other congenital anatomical malformations (D = 32.0; P = 0.000). The absolute value of the difference in differences estimator attributed to the Zika outbreak increased weekly case reporting of microcephaly (DID = |-5.0|; P = 0.008) and congenital malformations (DID = |-12.0|; P = 0.111). CONCLUSIONS: The Zika outbreak increased reporting of newborns with microcephaly, but caused no significant variation in reporting of other malformations and functional birth defects of sensory or metabolic origin in the surveillance system.

OBJETIVO: O surto de vírus zika afetou vários países tropicais de 2015 a 2016. Fez-se necessário elaborar estratégias de vigilância intensificada da microcefalia e outras síndromes neurológicas. O presente estudo avaliou o impacto do surto de vírus zika na notificação de defeitos congênitos no sistema nacional de vigilância da Colômbia. MÉTODOS: A notificação nacional de recém-nascidos com defeitos congênitos foi analisada e a variação na notificação atribuída à epidemia de zika foi determinada com o uso de um modelo semiparamétrico de diferença em diferenças (DD). RESULTADOS: Ao todo, 18.234 casos de defeitos congênitos foram notificados na Colômbia no período considerado. Os casos, na sua maioria, foram de malformações congênitas (91,9%), sendo 82,3% confirmados por diagnóstico clínico ou nexo epidemiológico. Foram notificados oito casos novos de microcefalia por semana epidemiológica (coeficiente de notificação de casos [D] = 8,8; P = 0,000) e 32 casos de outras malformações congênitas anatômicas (D = 32,0; P = 0,000). O valor absoluto do estimador do método de diferença em diferenças atribuído ao surto de vírus zika indicou um aumento na notificação semanal de casos de microcefalia (DD = |­5,0|; P = 0,008) e malformações congênitas (DD = |­12,0|; P = 0,111). CONCLUSÕES: O surto de vírus zika ocasionou um aumento na notificação de recém-nascidos com microcefalia, mas não houve variação significativa na notificação de outras malformações e defeitos congênitos funcionais de origem sensorial ou metabólica no sistema de vigilância.

Notificación de defectos congénitos por brote del virus del Zika en Colombia, 2015-2017

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. El brote por virus del Zika afectó a varios países tropicales durante 2015 y 2016. Esto obligó a crear estrategias de vigilancia intensificada de microcefalia y otros síndromes neurológicos. Se evaluó el efecto del brote por virus del Zika en la notificación de defectos congénitos en Colombia desde la perspectiva del sistema nacional de vigilancia. Métodos. Se analizó la notificación nacional de recién nacidos con diferentes defectos congénitos y se determinaron las variaciones en la notificación atribuidas a la epidemia mediante un modelo semiparamétrico denominado “diferencia en diferencias” (DID). Resultados. Un total de 18 234 casos por defectos congénitos fueron notificados en Colombia durante el período de estudio. La mayoría eran malformaciones congénitas (91,9%). El 82,3% se confirmó por diagnóstico clínico o nexo epidemiológico. En el caso de la microcefalia, se notificaron ocho casos nuevos por semana epidemiológica (coeficiente de notificación de casos [D] = 8,8; P = 0,000) y 32 casos por otras malformaciones congénitas anatómicas (D = 32,0; P = 0,000). El valor absoluto del estimador de diferencia en diferencias atribuido al brote por virus del Zika incrementó la notificación semanal de casos de microcefalia (DID = |-5,0|; P = 0,008) y malformaciones congénitas (DID = |-12,0|; P = 0,111). Conclusiones. El brote por virus del Zika incrementó la notificación de recién nacidos con microcefalia, pero sin ninguna variación significativa en la notificación de otras malformaciones y defectos congénitos funcionales de origen sensorial o metabólico en el sistema de vigilancia.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. The Zika outbreak affected several tropical countries in 2015 and 2016, requiring the creation of intensified surveillance strategies for microcephaly and other neurological syndromes. The effect of the Zika outbreak on the reporting of birth defects in Colombia was evaluated from the perspective of the national surveillance system. Methods. National reporting of newborns with different birth defects was analyzed; variations in reporting attributed to the epidemic were determined through difference in differences (DID), a semiparametric model. Results. During the period of study, 18,234 cases of birth defects were reported in Colombia. The majority were congenital malformations (91.9%), and 82.3% was confirmed by clinical diagnosis or epidemiological link. In the case of microcephaly, eight new cases per epidemiological week were reported (coefficient of case reporting [D] = 8.8; P = 0.000) and 32 cases from other congenital anatomical malformations (D = 32.0; P = 0.000). The absolute value of the difference in differences estimator attributed to the Zika outbreak increased weekly case reporting of microcephaly (DID = |-5.0|; P = 0.008) and congenital malformations (DID = |-12.0|; P = 0.111). Conclusions. The Zika outbreak increased reporting of newborns with microcephaly, but caused no significant variation in reporting of other malformations and functional birth defects of sensory or metabolic origin in the surveillance system.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. O surto de vírus zika afetou vários países tropicais de 2015 a 2016. Fez-se necessário elaborar estratégias de vigilância intensificada da microcefalia e outras síndromes neurológicas. O presente estudo avaliou o impacto do surto de vírus zika na notificação de defeitos congênitos no sistema nacional de vigilância da Colômbia. Métodos. A notificação nacional de recém-nascidos com defeitos congênitos foi analisada e a variação na notificação atribuída à epidemia de zika foi determinada com o uso de um modelo semiparamétrico de diferença em diferenças (DD). Resultados. Ao todo, 18.234 casos de defeitos congênitos foram notificados na Colômbia no período considerado. Os casos, na sua maioria, foram de malformações congênitas (91,9%), sendo 82,3% confirmados por diagnóstico clínico ou nexo epidemiológico. Foram notificados oito casos novos de microcefalia por semana epidemiológica (coeficiente de notificação de casos [D] = 8,8; P = 0,000) e 32 casos de outras malformações congênitas anatômicas (D = 32,0; P = 0,000). O valor absoluto do estimador do método de diferença em diferenças atribuído ao surto de vírus zika indicou um aumento na notificação semanal de casos de microcefalia (DD = |–5,0|; P = 0,008) e malformações congênitas (DD = |–12,0|; P = 0,111). Conclusões. O surto de vírus zika ocasionou um aumento na notificação de recém-nascidos com microcefalia, mas não houve variação significativa na notificação de outras malformações e defeitos congénitos funcionais de origem sensorial ou metabólica no sistema de vigilância.