Classification of Beef longissimus thoracis Muscle Tenderness Using Hyperspectral Imaging and Chemometrics.

Nowadays, the meat industry requires non-destructive, sustainable, and rapid methods that can provide objective and accurate quality assessment with little human intervention. Therefore, the present research aimed to create a model that can classify beef samples from longissimus thoracis muscle according to their tenderness degree based on hyperspectral imaging (HSI). In order to obtain different textures, two main strategies were used: (a) aging type (wet and dry aging with or without starters) and (b) aging times (0, 7, 13, 21, and 27 days). Categorization into two groups was carried out for further chemometric analysis, encompassing group 1 (ngroup1 = 30) with samples with WBSF ˂ 53 N whereas group 2 (ngroup2 = 28) comprised samples with WBSF values ≥ 53 N. Then, classification models were created by applying the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) method. The best results were achieved by combining the following pre-processing algorithms: 1st derivative + mean center, reaching 70.83% of correctly classified (CC) samples and 67.14% for cross validation (CV) and prediction, respectively. In general, it can be concluded that HSI technology combined with chemometrics has the potential to differentiate and classify meat samples according to their textural characteristics.

Adipose Tissue Modification through Feeding Strategies and Their Implication on Adipogenesis and Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Ruminants.

Dietary recommendations by health authorities have been advising of the importance of diminishing saturated fatty acids (SFA) consumption and replacing them by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega-3. Therefore, there have been efforts to enhance food fatty acid profiles, helping them to meet human nutritional recommendations. Ruminant meat is the major dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) source, but it also contains SFA at relatively high proportions, deriving from ruminal biohydrogenation of PUFA. Additionally, lipid metabolism in ruminants may differ from other species. Recent research has aimed to modify the fatty acid profile of meat, and other animal products. This review summarizes dietary strategies based on the n-3 PUFA supplementation of ruminant diets and their effects on meat fatty acid composition. Additionally, the role of n-3 PUFA in adipose tissue (AT) development and in the expression of key genes involved in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism is discussed. It has been demonstrated that linseed supplementation leads to an increase in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), but not in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), whilst fish oil and algae increase DHA content. Dietary PUFA can alter AT adiposity and modulate lipid metabolism genes expression, although further research is required to clarify the underlying mechanism.

Adiposity and adipogenic gene expression in four different muscles in beef cattle.

Anatomical site and divergent functionalities of muscles can be related to differences in IMF content, metabolism and adipogenic gene expression. Then, potential differences in different muscles in beef cattle were studied. As a second objective, the main sources of experimental variability associated to RT-qPCR results were analyzed following a nested design in order to implement appropriate experimental designs minimizing gene expression variability. To perform the study Longissimus thoracis (LT), Semitendinosus (SM), Masseter (MS), Sternomandibularis (ST) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) samples of Pirenaica young bulls (n = 4) were collected for IMF, collagen and protein quantification, analysis of adipocyte size distribution and gene expression (PPARG, CEBPA, FAPB4 and WNT10B). A greater IMF content was observed in MS and SM muscles, which had a bimodal adipocyte size distribution while it was unimodal in the muscles LT and ST. This suggest that the different IMF accretion in the muscles studied might be related to different rates of hyperplasia and hypertrophy and that IMF might develop later in LT and ST muscles. The former differences were not mirrored by the expression of the genes analyzed, which might be related to the different contribution of mature and non-mature adipocytes to the total gene expression. When comparing IMF and SAT gene expression, late and early developing tissues respectively, expression of PPARG, CEBPA and FABP4 was higher in the SAT, in agreement with bigger cell size and numbers. The variability study indicates that the analytical factors that add higher variability to the gene expression are the sampling and RT and therefore, it would be appropriate to include those replicates in the design of future experiments. Based on the results, the use of MS and SM muscles could allow less expensive experimental designs and bigger sample size that could permit the detection of lower relevant differences in gene expression.

Effects of Addition of Linseed and Marine Algae to the Diet on Adipose Tissue Development, Fatty Acid Profile, Lipogenic Gene Expression, and Meat Quality in Lambs.

This study examined the effect of linseed and algae on growth and carcass parameters, adipocyte cellularity, fatty acid profile and meat quality and gene expression in subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissues (AT) in lambs. After weaning, 33 lambs were fed three diets up to 26.7 ± 0.3 kg: Control diet (barley and soybean); L diet (barley, soybean and 10% linseed) and L-A diet (barley, soybean, 5% linseed and 3.89% algae). Lambs fed L-A diet showed lower average daily gain and greater slaughter age compared to Control and L (P < 0.001). Carcass traits were not affected by L and L-A diets, but a trend towards greater adipocyte diameter was observed in L and L-A in the subcutaneous AT (P = 0.057). Adding either linseed or linseed and algae increased α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid contents in both AT (P < 0.001); however, docosahexaenoic acid was increased by L-A (P < 0.001). The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased in L and L-A (P < 0.001). Algae had adverse effects on meat quality, with greater lipid oxidation and reduced ratings for odor and flavor. The expression of lipogenic genes was downregulated in the subcutaneous AT (P < 0.05): acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACACA) in L and L-A and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in L-A. Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) and fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) were unaffected. In the subcutaneous AT, supplementing either L or L-A increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and CAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) (P < 0.05), although it had no effect on sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 (SREBF1). In the intramuscular AT, expression of ACACA, SCD, FADS1 and FADS2 decreased in L and L-A (P < 0.001) and LPL in L (P < 0.01), but PPARG, CEBPA and SREBF1 were unaffected.

[Ovum-embryo competitiveness determined by the quantification of perifollicular indices in Doppler vascular micro-architecture]. / Competitividad óvulo-embrionaria determinada a través de la cuantificación de los índices perifoliculares en la microarquitectura vascular por Doppler.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the linear correlation between Doppler flowmetry rates and follicular development and the observed embryo growth in ovarian hyperstimulation cycles in the IVFTE/ICSI results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective and observational study including 29 patients was carried out. The ovarian reserve was determined--by the ovaries morphometric conditions--as well as basal FSH. These were correlated with pulsatility rates (PR), resistance rates (RR), and the systole/diastole ratio (S/D) and the maximum flow rate (TAmax), using a USG pulse-colour Doppler. All these were correlated to embryo development. Covariance, regression lines and confidence intervals analyses were performed for its statistical determination. RESULTS: A correlation between RR and the formation of mature follicles was observed (p = 0.05), and, at the same time, a negative relationship between FSH and ovarian volume was found. CONCLUSIONS: A series of markers of ovarian reserve have been described, however, none of these is a specific marker when ovum quality is expressed through the administration of ovulation inducers. Considering the data obtained in our study, we can say that Doppler flowmetry rates can indicate follicular expression and the resulting ovum and embryo development.

Manejo de la estenosis biliar benigna con férulas intercambiables. Informe preliminar / Benign biliary stenosis. Treatment by Interventional Radiology

Los autores presentan su experiencia inicial en el tratamiento de las estenosis benignas de las vías biliares (EBVB, obtenida en un grupo de 21 pacientes, 15 de los cuales fueron consecutivos a colecistectomía abierta, convencional y seis a colecistectomía laparoscópica. En tres pacientes se colocó una prótesis metálica de Palmaz. En los 18 restantes, se colocaron férulas de teflón de calibre 9.5 Fr. que se cambiaron cada tres meses por calibres progresivos de los números 12,14 16 y 18 Fr. estos últimos de PVC. A los 18 meses se retiró toda instrumentación y se puso a los pacientes en observación. A la fecha la férula ha sido retirada en cuatro que están asintomáticos y en los restantes continuamos en proceso de recambio con buenos resultados clínicos y radiológicos. Los resultados iniciales hacen considerar que este método constituye una alternativa viable sobre la que buscamos tener mas experiencia

Pasta de Georam. Material embolizante permanente. Experiencia en el Hospital General de México / Georam paste. Permanent embolizing material. Experience in the Hospital General de Mexico

Desde el inicio de la Radiologúia Intervencionista como una rama terapéutica de la Radiología, se implementaron sustancias capaces de ocluir vasos anormales. Los agentes embolígenos existentes se pueden clasificar de acuerdo al tiempo de embolización, a su composición y por último a su aplicación clínica. Dentro de los materiales embolizantes temporales, el más utilizado en el Gelphoam* (esponja de gelatina absorbible) que tiene como ventajas ser accesible en cuanto a disponibilidad y costo. Sin embargo tiene la desventaja de que es aplicable únicamente a vasos de mediano y gran calibre y que es un material temporal para ser absorbible en un máximo de 21 días. Este informe, presentamos nuestra experiencia en el Hospital General de México con una pasta no absorbible, la cual esta compuesta de Gelphoam, fleboesclerosante y medio de contraste. La finalidad de la adición del fleboesclerosante es producrir un efecto permanente. Esta pasta se fragmenta de forma que se consigue un material embolizante que puede aplicarse en vasos de pequeño y mediano calibre, sin alcanzar la circulación capilar. La cual hemos utilizado en diferentes procedimientos y presentamos la forma como se prepara esta pasta y describimos los casos en que ha sido utilizada y en que tipo de patologías ha corroborado su eficacia, con estudios de control

Anomalías vasculares faciales: embolización arterial como alternativa de tratamiento / Facial vascular anomalies. Arterial embolization as an alternative treatment

Las anomalías vasculares constituyen una de las alteraciones congénitas más frecuentes. La clasificación biológica ha facilitado su entendimiento, ya que lesiones similares en apariencia externa pueden tener patrones de crecimiento diferentes y contrariamente, lesiones biológicamente idénticas pueden diferir en apariencia externa debido a la profundidad de su localización. En el presente informe, proponemos a la angiografía como método diagnóstico y la embolización como alternativa de tratamiento en aquellas anomalías con componente arterial, demostrando que es un método idóneo obteniendo una adecuada respuesta con mínima morbilidad. Durante un período de ocho meses; 25 niños de ocho meses a 18 años fueron estudiados por anomalías vasculares. Se clasificaron por examen físico y angiografía diagnóstica y se excluyeron dos pacientes. Resultaron 13 hemangiomas y 10 malformaciones vasculares. De los 23 pacientes estudiados, 19 se sometieron a embolización arterial superselectiva y cuatro no se embolizaron por no demostrarse aporte arterial. Todos los niños presentaron una respuesta buena o excelente con mínima morbilidad

Radiología y ultrasonido en higroma quístico. Reporte de 3 casos / Radiographic and ultrasonographic studies in cystic hygroma. Report of 3 cases

Se presentan tres casos de Higroma Quístico (H.Q.) en el cuello, los cuales se estudiaron con radiografía simple y ultrasonografía (U.S.). Se observó que dicha malformación del sistema linfático tiene un patron ecográfico uniforme y hallazgos radiológicos de valor diagnóstico pero no concluyentes. Se debe hacer diagnóstico deferencial con otras masas del cuello. Al revisar la literatura encontramos que el diagnóstico por U.S. y radiología convencional es muy sencillo, al correlacionarlo con la historia clínica del paciente. El U.S. es primordial para el diagnóstico y tiene alta sensibilidad para la detección in útero de esta patología .

Esporotricosis osea: presentación de un caso clínico / Bone sporotrichosis: report of a clinical case

La infección humana producida por el hongo dimórfico Sporothrix schenckii es conocida desde la descripción de dicho microorganismo por Hektoen y Perkins en el año de 1900. Mundialmente conocida como una dermatosis subcutánea con ocasional diseminación linfática y excepcional participación de otros órganos con raros casos descritos en la literatura de lesiones óseas. Se presenta un caso de esporotricosis de diseminación hematógena con claras lesiones óseas usado como vehículo para la reconsideración de los hallazgos radiológicos, clínicos y aspectos del diagnóstico diferencial de este caso que consideramos excepcional de la experiencia del Hospital General de México de la Secretaría de Salud