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1.
Cad Saude Publica ; 25(11): 2455-66, 2009 Nov.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19936483

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to analyze five-year survival and the main prognostic factors among women with invasive breast cancer diagnosed from 1998 to 2000 that had undergone surgical treatment in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Study variables were: age, skin color, place of residence, tumor-related variables, and treatment-related variables. Survival functions were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Disease-specific survival was 81.8%. Tumor size and lymph node involvement were the main independent prognostic factors in the study population, with increased risk of death for women with tumor size greater than 2.0 cm (HR = 1.97; 95%CI: 1.26-3.07) and positive axillary lymph nodes (HR = 4.04; 95%CI: 2.55-6.39). The results emphasize the need for earlier diagnosis and treatment. Access to screening at different levels of care, mainly for women at high risk, should be a key priority for the Unified National Health System in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/mortality , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Cohort Studies , Disease-Free Survival , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , Risk Factors
2.
Cad. saúde pública ; 25(11): 2455-2466, nov. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-531163

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a sobrevida de cinco anos e os fatores prognósticos em mulheres com câncer invasivo da mama, submetidas à cirurgia e assistidas em Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com diagnóstico da doença entre 1998 e 2000. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, cor, local de residência, variáveis relacionadas ao tumor e ao tratamento. Foram estimadas as funções de sobrevida pelo método de Kaplan-Meier, e o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox foi utilizado para avaliação prognóstica. A sobrevida estimada foi de 81,8 por cento. Tamanho tumoral e comprometimento de linfonodos axilares foram os fatores prognósticos independentes mais importantes, com risco de óbito aumentado para mulheres com tamanho do tumor maior que 2,0cm (HR = 1,97; IC95 por cento: 1,26-3,07) e com metástase para gânglios axilares (HR = 4,04; IC95 por cento: 2,55-6,39). Tais achados enfatizam a importância do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces. O acesso às ações de rastreamento nos diversos níveis de assistência, especialmente para o grupo considerado como de maior risco, deve ser uma prioridade para os gestores de saúde no país.


The purpose of this study was to analyze five-year survival and the main prognostic factors among women with invasive breast cancer diagnosed from 1998 to 2000 that had undergone surgical treatment in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Study variables were: age, skin color, place of residence, tumor-related variables, and treatment-related variables. Survival functions were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Disease-specific survival was 81.8 percent. Tumor size and lymph node involvement were the main independent prognostic factors in the study population, with increased risk of death for women with tumor size greater than 2.0cm (HR = 1.97; 95 percentCI: 1.26-3.07) and positive axillary lymph nodes (HR = 4.04; 95 percentCI: 2.55-6.39). The results emphasize the need for earlier diagnosis and treatment. Access to screening at different levels of care, mainly for women at high risk, should be a key priority for the Unified National Health System in Brazil.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Breast Neoplasms/mortality , Brazil/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Cohort Studies , Disease-Free Survival , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , Risk Factors
3.
Cad Saude Publica ; 25(3): 635-44, 2009 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19300852

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to estimate the association between levels of air pollutants and respiratory symptoms in children. An ecological time-series study was conducted between April 2002 and March 2003 with daily data on PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, and O3 and paediatric care in emergency rooms due to symptoms indicating bronchial obstruction. The potential confounding factors considered were: time trend, seasonality, meteorological variables, respiratory infections and the effects of weekends and holidays. A semi-parametric Poisson regression was used to model the time series. Splines (data smoothing functions), indicator variables and cubic polynomials were used to adjust the effects of the confounding variables. A 5% significance level was adopted for the study. A statistically significant increase of 6.7% in paediatric visits of children of less than 2 years of age was associated with PM10. A 3% positive association with O3 showed borderline significance (p < 0.06) in this age bracket. Our findings highlight the existence of an acknowledged public health problem in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and also emphasize the need to identify the principal sources of air pollutants.


Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Airway Obstruction/epidemiology , Asthma/etiology , Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Acute Disease , Age Distribution , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Airway Obstruction/etiology , Asthma/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Confidence Intervals , Humans , Infant , Population Surveillance , Quality of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Seasons , Urban Population
4.
Cad. saúde pública ; 25(3): 635-644, mar. 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-507865

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to estimate the association between levels of air pollutants and respiratory symptoms in children. An ecological time-series study was conducted between April 2002 and March 2003 with daily data on PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, and O3 and paediatric care in emergency rooms due to symptoms indicating bronchial obstruction. The potential confounding factors considered were: time trend, seasonality, meteorological variables, respiratory infections and the effects of weekends and holidays. A semi-parametric Poisson regression was used to model the time series. Splines (data smoothing functions), indicator variables and cubic polynomials were used to adjust the effects of the confounding variables. A 5 percent significance level was adopted for the study. A statistically significant increase of 6.7 percent in paediatric visits of children of less than 2 years of age was associated with PM10. A 3 percent positive association with O3 showed borderline significance (p < 0.06) in this age bracket. Our findings highlight the existence of an acknowledged public health problem in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and also emphasize the need to identify the principal sources of air pollutants.


O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a associação entre os níveis dos poluentes atmosféricos e sintomas respiratórios em crianças. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico de séries temporais, entre abril de 2002 e março de 2003, com dados diários de PM10, SO2, CO, NO2 e O3 e dos atendimentos pediátricos de emergência ocasionados por sintomas de obstrução brônquica. As variáveis de confusão foram: tendência temporal, sazonalidade, fatores meteorológicos, infecções respiratórias e os efeitos dos finais de semana e feriados. Regressão de Poisson semiparamétrica foi usada para modelar as séries temporais. Curvas suaves, splines, variáveis indicadoras e polinômios cúbicos foram empregadas para corrigir os efeitos dos fatores de confundimento. Foi adotado o nível de significância de 5 por cento. Um incremento estatisticamente significativo dos atendimentos, de 6,7 por cento, esteve associado com PM10 nas crianças menores do que dois anos. Associação positiva com o O3, em torno de 3 por cento, nessa faixa etária, teve significado estatístico limítrofe (p < 0,06). Esses resultados evidenciam um problema de saúde pública não reconhecido no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, que reforça a necessidade de identificação das principais fontes de poluição.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Airway Obstruction/epidemiology , Asthma/etiology , Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Acute Disease , Age Distribution , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Airway Obstruction/etiology , Asthma/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Confidence Intervals , Population Surveillance , Quality of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Seasons , Urban Population
5.
Rev. saúde pública ; 43(1): 26-34, Feb. 2009. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-503185

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre exposição diária à poluição do ar e função respiratória de escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudo de painel com uma amostra aleatória de 118 escolares (seis a 15 anos de idade) da rede pública do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), residentes até 2 km do local do estudo. Dados sobre características das crianças foram obtidos por questionário, incluindo o International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Exames diários de pico de fluxo foram realizados para medir a função respiratória. Dados diários dos níveis de PM10, SO2, O3, NO2 e CO, temperatura e umidade foram fornecidos por um monitor móvel. As medidas repetidas de função respiratória foram associadas aos níveis dos poluentes por meio de modelo multinível ajustado por tendência temporal, temperatura, umidade do ar, exposição domiciliar ao fumo, ser asmático, altura, sexo, peso e idade das crianças. RESULTADOS: O pico de fluxo expiratório médio foi 243,5 l/m (dp=58,9). A menor média do pico de fluxo expiratório foi 124 l/m e a maior 450 l/m. Para o aumento de 10 µg/m³ de PM10 houve uma diminuição de 0,34 l/min na média do pico de fluxo no terceiro dia...


OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between daily exposure to air pollution and lung function in school children. METHODS: Panel study with a random sample of 118 students (between 6 and 15 years of age), enrolled in a public school of the city of Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro, and living within 2 km of the study site. Data on students' characteristics were obtained with a questionnaire, including the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood - ISAAC. Daily peak expiratory flow measurements were taken to measure lung function. Daily data on PM10, SO2, O3, NO2 and CO levels, temperature and humidity were provided by a portable monitor. Repeated measurements of lung function were associated with pollutant levels with a multilevel model adjusted for time trend, temperature, air humidity, exposure to smoking at home, presence of asthma, height, sex, weight and age of children. RESULTS: Mean peak expiratory flow was 243.5 l/m (sd=58.9). The lowest mean peak expiratory flow was 124 l/m, and the highest, 450 l/m. For the 10 µg/m³ increase in PM10, there was a 0.34 l/min decrease in mean peak flow on the third day...


OBJETIVO: Analizar la asociación entre exposición diaria a la polución del aire y función respiratoria de escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudio de painel con una muestra aleatoria de 118 escolares (seis a 15 años de edad) de la red pública de Río de Janeiro (Sureste de Brasil), residentes hasta 2 km de la localidad de estudio. Datos sobre características de los niños fueron obtenidos por cuestionario, incluyendo el International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Exámenes diarios de pico de flujo fueron realizados para medir la función respiratoria. Datos diarios de los niveles de PM10, SO2, O3, NO2 y CO, temperatura y humedad fueron providenciados por un monitor móvil. Las medidas repetidas de función respiratoria fueron asociadas a los niveles de los contaminantes por medio de modelo multinivel ajustado por tendencia temporal, temperatura, humedad del aire, exposición domiciliar al humo de cigarro, ser asmático, altura, sexo, peso y edad de los niños. RESULTADOS: El pico de flujo de expiración promedio fue de 243,5 l/m (dp=58,9). El menor pico promedio del flujo de expiración fue 124 l/m y el mayor 450 l/m. Para el aumento de 10 ?g/m³ de PM10 hubo una disminución de 0,34 l/min en el promedio de pico de flujo en el tercer día...


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Lung , Nitrogen Dioxide/toxicity , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Peak Expiratory Flow Rate/physiology , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution, Indoor , Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Asthma/diagnosis , Brazil , Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Humidity , Lung/physiology , Models, Statistical , Temperature
6.
Rev Saude Publica ; 43(1): 26-34, 2009 Feb.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19169573

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between daily exposure to air pollution and lung function in school children. METHODS: Panel study with a random sample of 118 students (between 6 and 15 years of age), enrolled in a public school of the city of Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro, and living within 2 km of the study site. Data on students' characteristics were obtained with a questionnaire, including the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood - ISAAC. Daily peak expiratory flow measurements were taken to measure lung function. Daily data on PM10, SO2, O3, NO2 and CO levels, temperature and humidity were provided by a portable monitor. Repeated measurements of lung function were associated with pollutant levels with a multilevel model adjusted for time trend, temperature, air humidity, exposure to smoking at home, presence of asthma, height, sex, weight and age of children. RESULTS: Mean peak expiratory flow was 243.5 l/m (sd=58.9). The lowest mean peak expiratory flow was 124 l/m, and the highest, 450 l/m. For the 10 microg/m(3) increase in PM10, there was a 0.34 l/min decrease in mean peak flow on the third day. For the 10 microg/m(3) increase in NO2, there was a decrease between 0.23 l/min and 0.28 l/min in mean peak flow after exposure. CO and SO2 effects on students' peak flow were not statistically significant. O3 showed a protective result: an increase in 10 microg/m(3) of O3 would be associated, after a day of exposure, with a 0.2 l/min increase in mean lung function. CONCLUSIONS: Even within acceptable levels most of the time, air pollution, especially PM10 and NO2, was associated with a decrease in lung function in children living in the city of Rio de Janeiro.


Subject(s)
Air Pollution/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Lung , Nitrogen Dioxide/toxicity , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Peak Expiratory Flow Rate/physiology , Adolescent , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Air Pollution, Indoor , Asthma/diagnosis , Brazil , Child , Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Humidity , Lung/physiology , Male , Models, Statistical , Temperature
7.
Rev. saúde pública ; 42(3): 503-511, jun. 2008. graf, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-482351

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre poluição do ar e efeitos respiratórios agudos em crianças. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico de séries temporais em três unidades públicas de saúde do bairro de Jacarepaguá, município do Rio de Janeiro, entre abril de 2002 e março de 2003. Foram analisados dados diários de PM10, SO2, NO2, CO e O3, e como variáveis de desfecho 45.595 atendimentos pediátricos de emergência por sintomas respiratórios ou específicos por transtornos nas vias aéreas superiores e nas vias aéreas inferiores. Foram incluídas no modelo para controle de confundimento as variáveis referentes à tendência temporal, sazonalidade, temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, precipitação de chuva, infecções respiratórias e os efeitos do calendário (como feriados e finais de semana). Foi empregada a regressão de Poisson via modelos aditivos generalizados para estimar os efeitos dos poluentes e dos fatores de confusão. RESULTADOS: Somente o O3 apresentou resultado positivo e estatisticamente significativo, tanto com todos os atendimentos de emergência por queixas respiratórias como com os atendimentos motivados por sintomas nas vias aéreas inferiores. O efeito foi no mesmo dia da exposição (lag 0). Associação significativa e de sentido inverso ocorreu com o CO e os atendimentos pediátricos por queixas respiratórias. Não se observou resultado significativo com os demais poluentes atmosféricos. CONCLUSÕES: Foram encontradas associações entre indicadores de poluição atmosférica e o número de atendimentos pediátricos de emergência por motivos respiratórios em Jacarepaguá, apesar de os níveis de todos os poluentes monitorados permanecessem abaixo dos limites recomendados durante todo o período de estudos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Child , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Air Pollutants/adverse effects , Air Pollution , Brazil
8.
Rev Saude Publica ; 42(3): 503-11, 2008 Jun.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18425297

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between air pollution and acute respiratory disorders in children. METHODS: A time series ecological study was carried out in three public health posts in a region of the city of Rio de Janeiro (Southeastern Brazil), between April 2002 and March 2003. Data for PM10, SO2, NO2, CO and O3 were analyzed daily and as closure variables, a total of 45,595 emergency pediatric consultations for respiratory symptoms or specifically for disorders in the upper and lower airways. To control for confounders, other variables were included in the model including those relating to weather, seasonality, temperature, relative air humidity, rain volume, respiratory infections and the calendar effects (such as holidays and weekends). A Poisson regression was applied using generalized counting models to estimate the effects of pollutants and confusing factors. RESULTS: Only O3 had a positive and statistically significant effect, both among emergency consultations for respiratory problems and consultations for symptoms relating to the lower airways. Effect and exposure occurred on the same day (lag 0). A significant negative association was found with CO and pediatric consultations for respiratory complaints. Other air pollutants were not found to have a significant effect. CONCLUSIONS: There were found associations between outdoor air pollution and the number of emergency pediatric consultations for respiratory problems in the studied area, in spite of the fact that the levels of all pollutants monitored during the study period were below recommended levels.


Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/adverse effects , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Meteorological Concepts , Respiratory Tract Diseases/etiology , Acute Disease , Air Pollutants/classification , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Seasons , Time Factors
9.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 83(4): 335-342, July-Aug. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-459889

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores de risco associados à hipertensão arterial primária em adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle de base ambulatorial com adolescentes, de 12 a 20 anos incompletos, todos provenientes do Núcleo de Estudos da Saúde do Adolescente da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro. O estado nutricional foi avaliado através do índice de massa corporal. Obteve-se ainda a medida da circunferência abdominal, estatura, história familiar de hipertensão arterial, peso ao nascer e desenvolvimento puberal. A análise foi elaborada através de regressão logística não condicional. RESULTADOS: Participaram 91 casos e 182 controles. O índice de massa corporal mostrou-se associado à hipertensão. A estatura mostrou associação positiva com hipertensão apenas em meninas. Não se evidenciou associação entre desenvolvimento puberal e peso ao nascer com hipertensão arterial na adolescência. Por outro lado, a história familiar, principalmente quando ambos os pais são hipertensos, apresentou forte associação, tanto em meninos (OR = 13,32; IC95 por cento 2,25-78,94), como em meninas (OR = 11,35; IC95 por cento 1,42-90,21). CONCLUSÕES: Em nosso estudo, sobrepeso, obesidade e história familiar de hipertensão (pai e mãe hipertensos) foram os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de hipertensão arterial em adolescentes.


OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors associated with essential arterial hypertension in adolescents. METHODS: A case-control, outpatients-based study of adolescents, aged 11 to 19 years, all treated at the Center for Studies into Adolescent Health (Núcleo de Estudos da Saúde do Adolescente) at Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro. Nutritional status was assessed by means of body mass index. Data were also obtained on waist circumference, height, family history of arterial hypertension, birth weight and pubertal development. The analysis was performed using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: The study investigated 91 cases and 182 controls. Body mass index was associated with hypertension. Height had a positive association with hypertension only among the girls. There was no evidence of an association between pubertal development or birth weight with arterial hypertension in adolescence. In contrast, family history, particularly when both parents had hypertension, exhibited a robust association, both among the boys (OR = 13.32; 95 percentCI 2.25-78.94), and the girls (OR = 11.35; 95 percentCI 1.42-90.21). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, overweight, obesity and family history of hypertension (father and mother with hypertension) were the principal risk factors for arterial hypertension in adolescents.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Hypertension/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Body Mass Index , Brazil/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hypertension/diagnosis , Hypertension/etiology , Obesity/complications , Obesity/diagnosis , Parents , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors
10.
J Pediatr (Rio J) ; 83(4): 335-42, 2007.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17627321

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors associated with essential arterial hypertension in adolescents. METHOD: A case-control, outpatient-based study of adolescents aged 11 to 19 years treated at the Center for Studies into Adolescent Health (Núcleo de Estudos da Saúde do Adolescente) at the Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro. Nutritional status was assessed by means of body mass index. Data were also obtained on waist circumference, height, family history of arterial hypertension, birth weight and pubertal development. The analysis was performed using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: The study investigated 91 cases and 182 controls. Body mass index was associated with hypertension. Height had a positive association with hypertension only among the girls. There was no evidence of an association between pubertal development or birth weight with arterial hypertension in adolescence. In contrast, family history, particularly when both parents had hypertension, exhibited a robust association, both among the boys (OR = 13.32; 95%CI 2.25-78.94), and the girls (OR = 11.35; 95%CI 1.42-90.21). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, overweight, obesity and family history of hypertension (father and mother with hypertension) were the principal risk factors for arterial hypertension in adolescents.


Subject(s)
Hypertension/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Body Mass Index , Brazil/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Hypertension/diagnosis , Hypertension/etiology , Male , Obesity/complications , Obesity/diagnosis , Parents , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors
11.
Cad Saude Publica ; 23(4): 823-34, 2007 Apr.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17435880

ABSTRACT

This article examines region-specific relations between prevalence of protection against sunlight and socio-demographic and behavioral variables in Brazil. Data were derived from a cross-sectional population-based random sample. Information on sunlight exposure was available for a total of 16,999 individuals 15 years and older. Comparing the North and South of Brazil, crude differences between women and men in the use of "sunscreen" and "protective headwear" were +10.9% (95%CI: 7.1; 14.6) and -11.6% (95%CI: -17.0; -6.3) in the North and +21.3% (95%CI: 17.7; 24.9) and -16.0% (95%CI: -20.2; -12.5) in the South. Adjusted differences by selected variables confirmed that women use more sunscreen protection and less headwear protection as compared to men in both the North and South, but the difference was not homogeneous by region (interaction term p value < 0.05).


Subject(s)
Protective Clothing/statistics & numerical data , Sunburn/prevention & control , Sunlight , Sunscreening Agents/administration & dosage , Adolescent , Adult , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Risk-Taking , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires
12.
Cad. saúde pública ; 23(4): 823-834, abr. 2007.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-448509

ABSTRACT

Este artigo explora a relação entre variáveis sócio-demográficas e comportamentais com proteção solar, levando-se em consideração as diferenças regionais existentes. Um inquérito de base populacional foi realizado em 15 capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal, e as informações sobre exposição solar foram coletadas para um total de 16.999 indivíduos de 15 anos ou mais. Quando comparamos os indivíduos residentes nas regiões Norte e Sul do país, as diferenças brutas entre mulheres e homens nas proporções de utilização do protetor solar e do chapéu foram, respectivamente, para a Região Norte, +10,9 por cento (IC95 por cento: 7,1; 14,6) e -11,6 por cento (IC95 por cento: -17,0; -6,3), e Sul do país, +21,3 por cento (IC95 por cento: 17,7; 24,9) e -16,0 por cento (IC95 por cento: -20,2; -12,5). As diferenças ajustadas confirmaram que, tanto no Norte quanto no Sul do país, as mulheres mais freqüentemente utilizaram como proteção o filtro solar e menos freqüentemente referiram o uso de chapéu do que os homens. Contudo, essas diferenças não foram homogêneas entre as re- giões (termos de interação p < 0,05).


This article examines region-specific relations between prevalence of protection against sunlight and socio-demographic and behavioral variables in Brazil. Data were derived from a cross-sectional population-based random sample. Information on sunlight exposure was available for a total of 16,999 individuals 15 years and older. Comparing the North and South of Brazil, crude differences between women and men in the use of "sunscreen" and "protective headwear" were +10.9 percent (95 percentCI: 7.1; 14.6) and -11.6 percent (95 percentCI: -17.0; -6.3) in the North and +21.3 percent (95 percentCI: 17.7; 24.9) and -16.0 percent (95 percentCI: -20.2; -12.5) in the South. Adjusted differences by selected variables confirmed that women use more sunscreen protection and less headwear protection as compared to men in both the North and South, but the difference was not homogeneous by region (interaction term p value < 0.05).


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Health Behavior , Gender Identity , Sunscreening Agents/administration & dosage , Sunburn/prevention & control , Brazil/epidemiology , Sex Factors
13.
Cad. saúde pública ; 23(supl.4): S537-S548, 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-467338

ABSTRACT

Iniciou-se uma investigação epidemiológica em municípios do sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil, considerando a possibilidade de aumento na incidência de câncer devido a maior exposição à radiação natural em alguns deles. Buscou-se, preliminarmente, conhecer o padrão de mortalidade por câncer, avaliar se existe excesso de óbitos e discutir os possíveis fatores de risco associados a esse aumento. Propõe-se uma metodologia de screening com base na razão de mortalidade padronizada (RMP) para classificar os municípios prioritários em estudos futuros. Os municípios considerados de altíssima prioridade para investigação foram: Andradas - câncer de pulmão em homens [RMP = 208 (106-310)] e fígado em mulheres [RMP = 403 (104-701)]; Poços de Caldas - leucemia em homens e mulheres (RMP = 284 (156-412) e RMP = 211 (111-312), respectivamente); Pouso Alegre - leucemia em homens [RMP = 333 (127-540)] e cânceres hematológicos em mulheres [RMP = 257 (188-396)].Estudos epidemiológicos devem ser conduzidos para avaliar a contribuição da radiação e outros fatores de riscos relacionados ao câncer e assim subsidiar futuras medidas de prevenção e controle.


An epidemiological investigation was launched in several cities in southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil, considering the possibility of increased cancer incidence due to high exposure to natural radiation. First, the cancer mortality patterns were assessed to determine whether there was an increase in cancer deaths and to discuss the possible risk factors related to such an increase. The study proposed the use of a screening methodology based on standardized mortality ratio (SMR) in order to classify priority areas for future studies. Cities considered high priority for further investigation were: Andradas, for lung cancer in men (SMR = 208 (106-310)) and liver cancer in women (SMR = 403 (104-701)); Poços de Caldas, leukemia in men and women (SMR = 284 (156-412)) and SMR = 211 (111-312), respectively); Pouso Alegre, leukemia in men (SMR = 333 (127-540)) and hematological cancers in women (SMR = 257 (188-396)). Epidemiological studies are necessary to evaluate the role of radiation and other risk factors in these cancers and thus to support future preventive and control measures.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasms/mortality , Population Surveillance , Brazil/epidemiology , Cause of Death , Demography , Residence Characteristics , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Survival Rate
14.
Toxicol Lett ; 164(1): 90-5, 2006 Jun 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16406421

ABSTRACT

A prolonged or increased exposure to endogenous estrogens associated with genetic factors are considered to be the main risk factors for breast cancer. The CYP19 gene encodes the enzyme aromatase, which catalyzes the conversion of androgens into estrogens. CYP19 alleles containing different numbers of tetranucleotide TTTA repeats in intron 4 have been associated with increased breast cancer risk. In this study we investigated, for the first time, the frequency of CYP19 (TTTA)n alleles in a South American population (n = 475) and analyzed the risk for developing breast cancer in a case-control study comprising 135 cases and 270 age-matched controls. It is shown that Brazilians possess not only the alleles identified in all the other populations studied so far (alleles containing from 7 to 13 TTTA repeats), but also the (TTTA)6 allele, that had never been described before. The (TTTA)10 allele was three times more frequent in cases when compared to controls and presented a significant positive association (p = 0.048) with breast cancer development in Brazilians.


Subject(s)
Aromatase/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Gene Frequency , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Microsatellite Repeats , Polymorphism, Genetic , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/enzymology , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Risk
15.
Rio de Janeiro; INCA; c2006. 119 p. ilus, mapas, tab, graf.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS, Coleciona SUS, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, Inca | ID: lil-455217
16.
Rev. bras. ginecol. obstet ; 27(11): 656-660, nov. 2005. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-429391

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: analisar a evolução temporal do estadiamento no momento do diagnóstico dos casos de câncer de mama e do colo do útero em mulheres atendidas pelo Sistema Unico de Saúde (SUS). MÉTODOS: em uma primeira etapa foram identificados os relatórios disponíveis contendo a descrição do estadiamento clínico inicial dos casos de câncer atendidos nos hospitais brasileiros. Considerando-se sua escassez e pouca representatividade, realizou-se uma segunda etapa na qual foi efetuada busca ativa de informações. Uma planilha foi enviada por via postal a todos (n=173) os Centros de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia (CACON) cadastrados pelo Ministério da Saúde para atendimento ao SUS solicitando informações para o período compreendido entre 1995 e 2002. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o programa "R". Os resultados são apresentados como percentuais e boxplots. RESULTADOS: na primeira etapa (1990-1994) foram identificadas informações de 18 hospitais, referentes a 7.458 pacientes com câncer de mama e 7.216 pacientes com câncer do colo do útero. A mediana de casos diagnosticados em estádio avançado (estádios III e IV) foi de 52,6 e 56,8 por cento, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa (1995-2002) foram obtidas informações de 89 hospitais e 7 serviços isolados de quimioterapia ou radioterapia, referentes a 43.442 casos de câncer de mama e 29.263 casos de câncer de colo do útero. A taxa de resposta, baseada na listagem inicial de CACONs, foi de 55 por cento. A mediana do percentual de pacientes em estádio avançado foi de 45,3 por cento para os casos de câncer de mama e de 45,5 por cento para os casos de câncer do colo do útero. CONCLUSÕES: no Brasil, poucos estudos analisaram as tendências temporais do estadiamento dos casos de câncer. Os dados obtidos a partir dos registros hospitalares de Câncer mostraram que, na última década, houve redução no percentual de casos de câncer de mama e do colo do útero em estádio avançado, o que pode indicar que nas regiões onde estes hospitais estão localizados houve melhora na detecção precoce destes tipos de câncer.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Medical Records , Neoplasm Staging , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis
17.
Rev Saude Publica ; 39(5): 731-7, 2005 Oct.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16254648

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the survival and the main prognostic factors among patients with unilateral Wilms' tumor patients. METHODS: The study cohort included 132 patients with unilateral Wilms' tumor aged under 15 years, who were enrolled in a pediatric oncology service. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the prognostic factors were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The overall survival rate for five years was 84.6%. The survival probabilities for disease in stages I, II, III and IV stages were: 100%, 94.2%, 83.2% and 31.3%, respectively. The survival rate was 89.4% for patients with favorable histology, 66.7% for focal anaplasia and 40% for diffuse anaplasia. All patients with stage IV disease and diffuse anaplasia died (n=4). All patients with stage I disease, regardless of histology, remained alive at the end of the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Among the variables selected for the final model, only the staging and the histology remained associated with high risk of death risk, while patients aged 24 - 47 months presented better prognosis than the other patients. These results showed the importance of establishing the diagnosis at an early stage, and that the histology is fundamental for guiding the appropriate therapy.


Subject(s)
Kidney Neoplasms/mortality , Wilms Tumor/mortality , Brazil/epidemiology , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Kidney Neoplasms/pathology , Male , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , Survival Analysis , Wilms Tumor/pathology
18.
Rev. saúde pública ; 39(5): 731-737, out. 2005. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-414936

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Analisar a sobrevida e os principais fatores prognósticos entre os pacientes com tumor de Wilms unilateral. MÉTODOS: A coorte de estudo incluiu 132 casos de tumor de Wilms unilateral em menores de 15 anos de idade matriculados em serviço de oncologia pediátrica, de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 2000. Curvas de sobrevida foram confeccionadas utilizando-se o método de Kaplan-Meier e fatores prognósticos foram analisados pelo modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. RESULTADOS: A estimativa de sobrevida global em cinco anos foi 84,6 por cento. As probabilidades de sobrevida para os estádios I, II, III e IV foram de 100 por cento; 94,2 por cento; 83,2 por cento e 31,3 por cento, respectivamente. A taxa de sobrevida para os pacientes com: histologia favorável foi de 89,4 por cento, para aqueles com anaplasia focal 66,7 por cento e com anaplasia difusa 40 por cento. Todos os pacientes com doença em estádio IV e anaplasia difusa foram a óbito (n=4). Todos os pacientes com doença em estádio I, independente da histologia, permaneceram vivos até o final do período de seguimento. CONCLUSÕES: Entre as variáveis escolhidas para o modelo final apenas o estadiamento e a histologia permaneceram associados ao elevado risco de óbito enquanto que os casos na faixa etária entre 24 e 47 meses apresentaram melhor prognóstico que os demais. Esses resultados mostram a importância do diagnóstico em fases iniciais da doença e que a histologia é fundamental para orientar a terapia adequada.


Subject(s)
Anaplasia , Survival Analysis , Wilms Tumor , Wilms Tumor/diagnosis , Wilms Tumor/pathology , Prognosis
19.
Cad. saúde pública ; 21(5): 1441-1447, set.-out. 2005. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-407852

ABSTRACT

Foi realizada a comparação das taxas de mortalidade neonatal em quatro maternidades do Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A população estudada foi de recém-nascidos com peso inferior a 1.500g. O instrumento utilizado foi um questionário com dados informados pela mãe e o prontuário médico. Foram calculados, para cada instituição, as Razões Padronizadas de Mortalidade (RPM) com o método direto e indireto, tendo como padrão a distribuição por peso do National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research. A amostra final apresentou 487 recém-nascidos. As padronizações pelo método direto e indireto mostraram elevadas taxas de mortalidade em todas as instituições; as que apresentaram a maior quantidade de recém-nascidos nas faixas com os menores pesos, foram aquelas que mostraram os menores valores de RPM. A menor razão de mortalidade por faixa de peso foi encontrada na faixa de peso entre 500 e 749g. Os resultados da RPM estão inversamente associados ao quantitativo populacional de recém-nascidos nas faixas com os menores pesos. Os coeficientes de mortalidade mostraram taxas altas, principalmente nas faixas de peso mais elevados. Os resultados apontam para uma qualidade deficiente na atenção perinatal.


Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Humans , Infant Mortality , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight , Hospitals, Maternity
20.
Cad Saude Publica ; 21(5): 1441-7, 2005.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16158150

ABSTRACT

This study was a comparison of neonatal mortality rates in four maternity hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study population consisted of newborns with birth weight below 1,500 g. The research instrument was a questionnaire with data reported by the mother and collected from the patient record. For each maternity hospital the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated using the direct and indirect method, using the weight distribution of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research as the standard. The final sample consisted of 487 newborns. Standardizations by the direct and indirect method showed high mortality rates in all four institutions; those showing the largest number of newborns in the lowest weight brackets were those with the lowest SMR values. The lowest mortality ratio by weight bracket was in the 500 to 749 g group. The SMR results were inversely associated with the quantitative population of newborns in the lowest weight brackets. The mortality coefficients showed high rates, especially in the highest weight brackets. The results indicate deficient quality of perinatal care.


Subject(s)
Hospital Mortality , Hospitals, Maternity/statistics & numerical data , Infant Mortality , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Perinatal Care , Quality of Health Care
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