Development of hybrid MIL-53(Al)@CBS for ternary adsorption of tetracyclines antibiotics in water: Physical interpretation of the adsorption mechanism.

In this study, a hybrid material, MIL-53(Al)@CBS, was synthesized via the solvothermal method, involving the growth of MIL-53(Al) crystals on cocoa bean shell residues (CBS). Physicochemical characterization techniques, including TGA, BET, FTIR, XRD, and SEM, confirmed successful hybridization. MIL-53(Al)@CBS was employed as an adsorbent for antibiotics (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline) separation from aqueous solutions. Parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, concentration, time, and temperature were systematically evaluated. FTIR revealed π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds between tetracyclines and the adsorbent. MIL-53(Al)@CBS exhibited adsorption, with removal rates up to 98.92%, 99.04%, and 98.24% for OTC, TC, and CTC, respectively. Kinetics suggested adsorption depends on active site availability, with TC adsorbing fastest. Microscopic models showed adsorption on three distinct active site types with different affinities without competition or adherence to the Langmuir hypothesis. Importantly, MIL-53(Al)@CBS maintained high adsorption capacity even after ten washing cycles, highlighting its potential for water treatment.

Correlates of co-occurring physical child punishment and physical intimate partner violence in Colombia, Mexico and Peru.

BACKGROUND: Violent discipline of children and intimate partner violence (IPV) against women are global public health and human rights problems. To address calls for more evidence on intersections, this study aimed to expand knowledge about correlates of physical child punishment, physical IPV against women and their co-occurrence (both) in the same household.  METHODS: Using national, population-based survey datasets from Colombia, Mexico and Peru, multinomial logistic regressions examined correlates of three mutually exclusive patterns of violence in the household: physical child punishment (only), physical IPV ever (only) and co-occurrence (both), each compared with no violence, after adjusting for other factors. Logistic regression was used to analyse odds ratios of physical child punishment in households affected by IPV past year and before past year compared with never, after adjusting for other factors. RESULTS: In all countries, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of co-occurrence were significantly higher among women with lower education, more than one child, a child aged 2-5, a partner who tried to socially isolate her, and a history of childhood violence (caregiver violence and/or IPV exposure). They were significantly lower among women who reported collaborative partnerships (joint decision-making and/or shared chores). Co-occurrence was also significantly correlated with a history of child marriage/early motherhood in Colombia and Mexico, partner's excess drinking in Mexico and Peru, agreement that physical child punishment was necessary in Peru and partner's history of childhood violence in Colombia and Mexico. Evidence of shared risk factors was strongest for social isolation and caregiver histories of childhood violence and of shared protective factors for collaborative partnership dynamics. In all countries, associations between physical child punishment and physical IPV remained significant after adjusting for other factors, suggesting that correlations could not be explained by shared risk factors alone. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with several theories relevant for violence prevention: 1) more collaborative, gender equitable partnerships may protect both children and women from violence; 2) violence between intimate partners may 'spill over' into violence against children (as correlations could not be explained by shared risk factors alone); and 3) there appears to be strong evidence of intergenerational transmission of violence.

Everyday Parameters for Episode-to-Episode Dynamics in the Daily Music of Infancy.

Experience-dependent change pervades early human development. Though trajectories of developmental change have been well charted in many domains, the episode-to-episode schedules of experiences on which they are hypothesized to depend have not. Here, we took up this issue in a domain known to be governed in part by early experiences: music. Using a corpus of longform audio recordings, we parameterized the daily schedules of music encountered by 35 infants ages 6-12 months. We discovered that everyday music episodes, as well as the interstices between episodes, typically persisted less than a minute, with most daily schedules also including some very extended episodes and interstices. We also discovered that infants encountered music episodes in a bursty rhythm, rather than a periodic or random rhythm, over the day. These findings join a suite of recent discoveries from everyday vision, motor, and language that expand our imaginations beyond artificial learning schedules and enable theorists to model the history-dependence of developmental process in ways that respect everyday sensory histories. Future theories about how infants build knowledge across multiple episodes can now be parameterized using these insights from infants' everyday lives.

Comparative Analysis of the Chloroplast Genomes of Quercus × morehus and the Presumptive Parents Q. wislizeni and Q. kelloggii (Fagaceae) from California.

Here, we present the complete chloroplast genomes of Quercus × morehus, Q. wislizeni, and Q. kelloggii from California. The genomes are 161,119 to 161,130 bp and encode 132 genes. Quercus × morehus and Q. wislizeni are identical in sequence but differ from Q. kelloggii by three indels and eight SNPs.

Corrigendum a La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia

[RESUMEN]. Corrigendum a La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia. La Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública llama la atención a los lectores sobre un error en el siguiente artículo, señalado por los autores: Bott S, Guedes A, Ruiz-Celis AP, Mendoza JA. La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2021;45:e34. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.34 En las páginas 6 y 7, cuadro 2, los encabezados “alguna vez” y “último año” se encontraban invertidos.

[ABSTRACT]. Corrigendum to Intimate partner violence in the Americas: a systematic review and reanalysis of national prevalence estimates. The Pan American Journal of Public Health calls readers' attention to an error in the following article, pointed out by the authors: Bott S, Guedes A, Ruiz-Celis AP, Mendoza JA. La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2021;45:e34. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.34 On pages 6 and 7, Table 2, the headings "ever" and "last year" were reversed.

[RESUMO]. Corrigendum a Violência de parceiros íntimos nas Américas: uma revisão sistemática e uma reanálise das estimativas de prevalência nacional. O Pan American Journal of Public Health chama a atenção dos leitores para um erro no artigo seguinte, apontados pelos autores: Bott S, Guedes A, Ruiz-Celis AP, Mendoza JA. La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia. Rev Panama Salud Publica. 2021;45:e34. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.34 Nas páginas 6 e 7, tabela 2, os títulos "sempre" e "ano passado" foram invertidos.

Co-occurring violent discipline of children and intimate partner violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic search and secondary analysis of national datasets.

INTRODUCTION: Intersections between violent discipline (physical punishment and/or verbal aggression) of children and intimate partner violence (IPV) against women have received growing international attention. This study aimed to determine how many Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries had national data on co-occurring IPV and violent discipline in the same household, how estimates compared and whether violent discipline was significantly associated with IPV. METHODS: A systematic search (following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines) was used to identify which LAC countries had eligible, national co-occurrence data. The most recent eligible dataset in each country was obtained and reanalysed for comparability. Standardised national estimates were produced for prevalence of violent discipline, physical and/or sexual IPV and co-occurrence among ever partnered women of reproductive age living with a child aged 1-14. Bivariate analyses and logistic regressions produced levels and odds ratios (ORs) of physical punishment and verbal aggression in households affected by IPV (past year and before past year) compared with never, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Nine countries had eligible datasets. Co-occurring physical punishment with past year IPV ranged from 1.7% (Nicaragua) to 17.5% (Bolivia); and with IPV ever from 6.0% (Nicaragua) to 21.2% (Haiti). In almost all countries, children in IPV affected households experienced significantly higher levels and ORs of physical punishment and verbal aggression, whether IPV occurred during or before the past year. Significant adjusted ORs of physical punishment ranged from 1.52 (95% CI 1.11 to 2.10) in Jamaica to 3.63 (95% CI 3.26 to 4.05) in Mexico for past year IPV; and from 1.50 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.83) in Nicaragua to 2.52 (95% CI 2.30 to 2.77) in Mexico for IPV before past year. CONCLUSIONS: IPV is a significant risk factor for violent discipline, but few national surveys in LAC measure both. Co-occurrence merits greater attention from policymakers and researchers.

Quantifying Everyday Ecologies: Principles for Manual Annotation of Many Hours of Infants' Lives.

Everyday experiences are the experiences available to shape developmental change. Remarkable advances in devices used to record infants' and toddlers' everyday experiences, as well as in repositories to aggregate and share such recordings across teams of theorists, have yielded a potential gold mine of insights to spur next-generation theories of experience-dependent change. Making full use of these advances, however, currently requires manual annotation. Manually annotating many hours of everyday life is a dedicated pursuit requiring significant time and resources, and in many domains is an endeavor currently lacking foundational facts to guide potentially consequential implementation decisions. These realities make manual annotation a frequent barrier to discoveries, as theorists instead opt for narrower scoped activities. Here, we provide theorists with a framework for manually annotating many hours of everyday life designed to reduce both theoretical and practical overwhelm. We share insights based on our team's recent adventures in the previously uncharted territory of everyday music. We identify principles, and share implementation examples and tools, to help theorists achieve scalable solutions to challenges that are especially fierce when annotating extended timescales. These principles for quantifying everyday ecologies will help theorists collectively maximize return on investment in databases of everyday recordings and will enable a broad community of scholars-across institutions, skillsets, experiences, and working environments-to make discoveries about the experiences upon which development may depend.

Everyday music in infancy.

Infants enculturate to their soundscape over the first year of life, yet theories of how they do so rarely make contact with details about the sounds available in everyday life. Here, we report on properties of a ubiquitous early ecology in which foundational skills get built: music. We captured daylong recordings from 35 infants ages 6-12 months at home and fully double-coded 467 h of everyday sounds for music and its features, tunes, and voices. Analyses of this first-of-its-kind corpus revealed two distributional properties of infants' everyday musical ecology. First, infants encountered vocal music in over half, and instrumental in over three-quarters, of everyday music. Live sources generated one-third, and recorded sources three-quarters, of everyday music. Second, infants did not encounter each individual tune and voice in their day equally often. Instead, the most available identity cumulated to many more seconds of the day than would be expected under a uniform distribution. These properties of everyday music in human infancy are different from what is discoverable in environments highly constrained by context (e.g., laboratories) and time (e.g., minutes rather than hours). Together with recent insights about the everyday motor, language, and visual ecologies of infancy, these findings reinforce an emerging priority to build theories of development that address the opportunities and challenges of real input encountered by real learners.

[Intimate partner violence in the Americas: a systematic review and reanalysis of national prevalence estimatesViolência por parceiro íntimo nas Américas: revisão sistemática e reanálise das estimativas nacionais de prevalência]. / La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia.

OBJECTIVES: To describe what is known about the national prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the Americas across countries and over time, including the geographic coverage, quality, and comparability of national data. METHODS: This was a systematic review and reanalysis of national, population-based IPV estimates from 1998-2017 in the Americas. Estimates were reanalyzed for comparability or extracted from reports, including IPV prevalence by type (physical; sexual; physical and/or sexual), timeframe (ever; past year), and perpetrator (any partner in life; current/most recent partner). In countries with 3+ rounds of data, Cochran-Armitage and Pearson chi-square tests were used to assess whether changes over time were significant (p <0.05). RESULTS: Eligible surveys were found in 24 countries. Women reported ever having experienced physical and/or sexual IPV at rates that ranged from 14%-17% of women in Brazil, Panama, and Uruguay to over one-half (58.5%) in Bolivia. Past-year prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 1.1% in Canada to 27.1% in Bolivia. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible decline in reported prevalence of certain types of IPV in eight countries; however, some changes were small, some indicators did not change significantly, and a significant increase was found in the reported prevalence of past-year physical IPV in the Dominican Republic. CONCLUSIONS: IPV against women remains a public health and human rights problem across the Americas; however, the evidence base has gaps, suggesting a need for more comparable, high quality evidence for mobilizing and monitoring violence prevention and response.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o que se sabe sobre a prevalência nacional da violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) contra a mulher na Região das Américas, nos diferentes países e ao longo do tempo, incluindo cobertura geográfica, qualidade e comparabilidade de dados nacionais. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e reanálise das estimativas nacionais populacionais de VPI na Região das Américas no período de 1998 a 2017. As estimativas foram reanalisadas para fins de comparação ou obtidas de relatórios, incluindo a prevalência de VPI por tipo de violência (física; sexual; ou física e/ou sexual), ocorrência (alguma vez ou último ano) e agressor (qualquer parceiro na vida; parceiro atual ou mais recente). Nos países com mais de três ciclos de dados, os testes de Cochran-Armitage e qui-quadrado de Pearson foram usados para avaliar se as mudanças observadas ao longo do tempo foram significativas (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: Pesquisas que cumpriam os requisitos do estudo foram identificadas em 24 países. O percentual de mulheres que informaram alguma vez terem sofrido VPI física e/ou sexual variou de 14% a 17% no Brasil, Panamá e Uruguai a mais da metade (58,5%) na Bolívia. A prevalência de VPI física e/ou sexual sofrida no último ano variou de 1,1% no Canadá a 27,1% na Bolívia. As evidências preliminares indicam uma possível redução na prevalência registrada de certos tipos de VPI em oito países. Porém, algumas mudanças foram pequenas, alguns indicadores não variaram significativamente e se observou um aumento significativo na prevalência informada de VPI física recente (último ano) na República Dominicana. CONCLUSÕES: A VPI contra a mulher continua sendo um problema de saúde pública e uma questão de direitos humanos na Região das Américas. Porém, a base de evidências tem importantes lacunas, ressaltando a necessidade de dados de alta de qualidade e comparáveis para a mobilização e o monitoramento da prevenção e resposta à violência.

La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia

[RESUMEN]. Este artículo ha sido corregido: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2022.15. Objetivo. Describir lo que se sabe acerca de la prevalencia nacional de la violencia por parte de la pareja íntima (VPI) contra las mujeres en las Américas, en los diversos países y en el transcurso del tiempo, incluida la cobertura geográfica, calidad y comparabilidad de los datos nacionales. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimativas nacionales de la VPI basadas en la población de 1998 a 2017 en las Américas. Las cifras se reanalizaron para comparabilidad o se extrajeron de los informes, incluida la prevalencia por tipo (física; sexual; o física y/o sexual), marco temporal (alguna vez; durante el último año) y perpetrador (cualquiera pareja en la vida; pareja actual/más reciente). En los países con tres (3+) rondas de datos, se aplicaron las pruebas de Cochran-Armitage y de ji cuadrada de Pearson para evaluar si los cambios en el transcurso del tiempo fueron significativos (p < 0,05). Resultados. Se encontraron encuestas elegibles en 24 países. Las mujeres reportaron haber sufrido alguna vez violencia física y/o sexual por parte de la pareja íntima con tasas que variaron desde el 14% a 17% en Brasil, Panamá y Uruguay hasta más de la mitad (58,5%) en Bolivia. La prevalencia de violencia física y/o sexual por parte de la pareja íntima durante el último año varió desde 1,1% en el Canadá hasta 27,1% en Bolivia. La evidencia preliminar sugiere una posible disminución en la prevalencia reportada para ciertos tipos de VPI en ocho países; sin embargo, algunos cambios fueron pequeños, ciertos indicadores no se modificaron significativamente y se observaron incrementos significativos en la prevalencia reportada de violencia física por parte de la pareja íntima durante el último año en la República Dominicana. Conclusiones. La VPI contra las mujeres sigue siendo un problema de salud pública y de derechos humanos en las Américas; sin embargo, la base de evidencia al respecto tiene deficiencias, lo que apunta a la necesidad de datos de mejor calidad y más comparables, a fin de movilizar y monitorear a la prevención y la respuesta ante la violencia.

[ABSTRACT]. This article has been corrected: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2022.15. Objectives. To describe what is known about the national prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the Americas across countries and over time, including the geographic coverage, quality, and comparability of national data. Methods. This was a systematic review and reanalysis of national, population-based IPV estimates from 1998- 2017 in the Americas. Estimates were reanalyzed for comparability or extracted from reports, including IPV prevalence by type (physical; sexual; physical and/or sexual), timeframe (ever; past year), and perpetrator (any partner in life; current/most recent partner). In countries with 3+ rounds of data, Cochran-Armitage and Pearson chi-square tests were used to assess whether changes over time were significant (p <0.05). Results. Eligible surveys were found in 24 countries. Women reported ever having experienced physical and/ or sexual IPV at rates that ranged from 14%-17% of women in Brazil, Panama, and Uruguay to over one-half (58.5%) in Bolivia. Past-year prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 1.1% in Canada to 27.1% in Bolivia. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible decline in reported prevalence of certain types of IPV in eight countries; however, some changes were small, some indicators did not change significantly, and a significant increase was found in the reported prevalence of past-year physical IPV in the Dominican Republic. Conclusions. IPV against women remains a public health and human rights problem across the Americas; however, the evidence base has gaps, suggesting a need for more comparable, high-quality evidence for mobilizing and monitoring violence prevention and response.

[RESUMO]. Este artigo foi corrigido: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2022.15. Objetivo. Descrever o que se sabe sobre a prevalência nacional da violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) contra a mulher na Região das Américas, nos diferentes países e ao longo do tempo, incluindo cobertura geográfica, qualidade e comparabilidade de dados nacionais. Métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e reanálise das estimativas nacionais populacionais de VPI na Região das Américas no período de 1998 a 2017. As estimativas foram reanalisadas para fins de comparação ou obtidas de relatórios, incluindo a prevalência de VPI por tipo de violência (física; sexual; ou física e/ ou sexual), ocorrência (alguma vez ou último ano) e agressor (qualquer parceiro na vida; parceiro atual ou mais recente). Nos países com mais de três ciclos de dados, os testes de Cochran-Armitage e qui-quadrado de Pearson foram usados para avaliar se as mudanças observadas ao longo do tempo foram significativas (p < 0,05). Resultados. Pesquisas que cumpriam os requisitos do estudo foram identificadas em 24 países. O percentual de mulheres que informaram alguma vez terem sofrido VPI física e/ou sexual variou de 14% a 17% no Brasil, Panamá e Uruguai a mais da metade (58,5%) na Bolívia. A prevalência de VPI física e/ou sexual sofrida no último ano variou de 1,1% no Canadá a 27,1% na Bolívia. As evidências preliminares indicam uma possível redução na prevalência registrada de certos tipos de VPI em oito países. Porém, algumas mudanças foram pequenas, alguns indicadores não variaram significativamente e se observou um aumento significativo na prevalência informada de VPI física recente (último ano) na República Dominicana. Conclusões. A VPI contra a mulher continua sendo um problema de saúde pública e uma questão de direitos humanos na Região das Américas. Porém, a base de evidências tem importantes lacunas, ressaltando a necessidade de dados de alta de qualidade e comparáveis para a mobilização e o monitoramento da prevenção e resposta à violência.

La violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en las Américas: una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimaciones nacionales de prevalencia / Intimate partner violence in the Americas: a systematic review and reanalysis of national prevalence estimates / Violência por parceiro íntimo nas Américas: revisão sistemática e reanálise das estimativas nacionais de prevalência

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir lo que se sabe acerca de la prevalencia nacional de la violencia por parte de la pareja íntima (VPI) contra las mujeres en las Américas, en los diversos países y en el transcurso del tiempo, incluida la cobertura geográfica, calidad y comparabilidad de los datos nacionales. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimativas nacionales de la VPI basadas en la población de 1998 a 2017 en las Américas. Las cifras se reanalizaron para comparabilidad o se extrajeron de los informes, incluida la prevalencia por tipo (física; sexual; o física y/o sexual), marco temporal (alguna vez; durante el último año) y perpetrador (cualquiera pareja en la vida; pareja actual/más reciente). En los países con tres (3+) rondas de datos, se aplicaron las pruebas de Cochran-Armitage y de ji cuadrada de Pearson para evaluar si los cambios en el transcurso del tiempo fueron significativos (p < 0,05). Resultados. Se encontraron encuestas elegibles en 24 países. Las mujeres reportaron haber sufrido alguna vez violencia física y/o sexual por parte de la pareja íntima con tasas que variaron desde el 14% a 17% en Brasil, Panamá y Uruguay hasta más de la mitad (58,5%) en Bolivia. La prevalencia de violencia física y/o sexual por parte de la pareja íntima durante el último año varió desde 1,1% en el Canadá hasta 27,1% en Bolivia. La evidencia preliminar sugiere una posible disminución en la prevalencia reportada para ciertos tipos de VPI en ocho países; sin embargo, algunos cambios fueron pequeños, ciertos indicadores no se modificaron significativamente y se observaron incrementos significativos en la prevalencia reportada de violencia física por parte de la pareja íntima durante el último año en la República Dominicana. Conclusiones. La VPI contra las mujeres sigue siendo un problema de salud pública y de derechos humanos en las Américas; sin embargo, la base de evidencia al respecto tiene deficiencias, lo que apunta a la necesidad de datos de mejor calidad y más comparables, a fin de movilizar y monitorear a la prevención y la respuesta ante la violencia.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To describe what is known about the national prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the Americas across countries and over time, including the geographic coverage, quality, and comparability of national data. Methods. This was a systematic review and reanalysis of national, population-based IPV estimates from 1998-2017 in the Americas. Estimates were reanalyzed for comparability or extracted from reports, including IPV prevalence by type (physical; sexual; physical and/or sexual), timeframe (ever; past year), and perpetrator (any partner in life; current/most recent partner). In countries with 3+ rounds of data, Cochran-Armitage and Pearson chi-square tests were used to assess whether changes over time were significant (p <0.05). Results. Eligible surveys were found in 24 countries. Women reported ever having experienced physical and/or sexual IPV at rates that ranged from 14%-17% of women in Brazil, Panama, and Uruguay to over one-half (58.5%) in Bolivia. Past-year prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 1.1% in Canada to 27.1% in Bolivia. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible decline in reported prevalence of certain types of IPV in eight countries; however, some changes were small, some indicators did not change significantly, and a significant increase was found in the reported prevalence of past-year physical IPV in the Dominican Republic. Conclusions. IPV against women remains a public health and human rights problem across the Americas; however, the evidence base has gaps, suggesting a need for more comparable, high quality evidence for mobilizing and monitoring violence prevention and response.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever o que se sabe sobre a prevalência nacional da violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) contra a mulher na Região das Américas, nos diferentes países e ao longo do tempo, incluindo cobertura geográfica, qualidade e comparabilidade de dados nacionais. Métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e reanálise das estimativas nacionais populacionais de VPI na Região das Américas no período de 1998 a 2017. As estimativas foram reanalisadas para fins de comparação ou obtidas de relatórios, incluindo a prevalência de VPI por tipo de violência (física; sexual; ou física e/ou sexual), ocorrência (alguma vez ou último ano) e agressor (qualquer parceiro na vida; parceiro atual ou mais recente). Nos países com mais de três ciclos de dados, os testes de Cochran-Armitage e qui-quadrado de Pearson foram usados para avaliar se as mudanças observadas ao longo do tempo foram significativas (p < 0,05). Resultados. Pesquisas que cumpriam os requisitos do estudo foram identificadas em 24 países. O percentual de mulheres que informaram alguma vez terem sofrido VPI física e/ou sexual variou de 14% a 17% no Brasil, Panamá e Uruguai a mais da metade (58,5%) na Bolívia. A prevalência de VPI física e/ou sexual sofrida no último ano variou de 1,1% no Canadá a 27,1% na Bolívia. As evidências preliminares indicam uma possível redução na prevalência registrada de certos tipos de VPI em oito países. Porém, algumas mudanças foram pequenas, alguns indicadores não variaram significativamente e se observou um aumento significativo na prevalência informada de VPI física recente (último ano) na República Dominicana. Conclusões. A VPI contra a mulher continua sendo um problema de saúde pública e uma questão de direitos humanos na Região das Américas. Porém, a base de evidências tem importantes lacunas, ressaltando a necessidade de dados de alta de qualidade e comparáveis para a mobilização e o monitoramento da prevenção e resposta à violência.

Intimate partner violence in the Americas: a systematic review and reanalysis of national prevalence estimates.

OBJECTIVES: To describe what is known about the national prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the Americas across countries and over time, including the geographic coverage, quality, and comparability of national data. METHODS: This was a systematic review and reanalysis of national, population-based IPV estimates from 1998 - 2017 in the Americas. Estimates were reanalyzed for comparability or extracted from reports, including IPV prevalence by type (physical; sexual; physical and/or sexual), timeframe (ever; past year), and perpetrator (any partner in life; current/most recent partner). In countries with 3+ rounds of data, Cochran-Armitage and Pearson chi-square tests were used to assess whether changes over time were significant (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Eligible surveys were found in 24 countries. Women reported ever having experienced physical and/or sexual IPV at rates that ranged from 14% - 17% of women in Brazil, Panama, and Uruguay to over one-half (58.5%) in Bolivia. Past-year prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 1.1% in Canada to 27.1% in Bolivia. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible decline in reported prevalence of certain types of IPV in eight countries; however, some changes were small, some indicators did not change significantly, and a significant increase was found in the reported prevalence of past-year physical IPV in the Dominican Republic. CONCLUSIONS: IPV against women remains a public health and human rights problem across the Americas; however, the evidence base has gaps, suggesting a need for more comparable, high quality evidence for mobilizing and monitoring violence prevention and response.

Intimate partner violence in the Americas: a systematic review and reanalysis of national prevalence estimates

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To describe what is known about the national prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the Americas across countries and over time, including the geographic coverage, quality, and comparability of national data. Methods. This was a systematic review and reanalysis of national, population-based IPV estimates from 1998 – 2017 in the Americas. Estimates were reanalyzed for comparability or extracted from reports, including IPV prevalence by type (physical; sexual; physical and/or sexual), timeframe (ever; past year), and perpetrator (any partner in life; current/most recent partner). In countries with 3+ rounds of data, Cochran-Armitage and Pearson chi-square tests were used to assess whether changes over time were significant (P < 0.05). Results. Eligible surveys were found in 24 countries. Women reported ever having experienced physical and/or sexual IPV at rates that ranged from 14% – 17% of women in Brazil, Panama, and Uruguay to over one-half (58.5%) in Bolivia. Past-year prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 1.1% in Canada to 27.1% in Bolivia. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible decline in reported prevalence of certain types of IPV in eight countries; however, some changes were small, some indicators did not change significantly, and a significant increase was found in the reported prevalence of past-year physical IPV in the Dominican Republic. Conclusions. IPV against women remains a public health and human rights problem across the Americas; however, the evidence base has gaps, suggesting a need for more comparable, high quality evidence for mobilizing and monitoring violence prevention and response.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Describir lo que se sabe acerca de la prevalencia nacional de la violencia por parte de la pareja íntima (VPI) contra las mujeres en las Américas, en los diversos países y en el transcurso del tiempo, incluida la cobertura geográfica, calidad y comparabilidad de los datos nacionales. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática y reanálisis de las estimativas nacionales de la VPI basadas en la población de 1998 a 2017 en las Américas. Las cifras se reanalizaron para comparabilidad o se extrajeron de los informes, incluida la prevalencia por tipo (física; sexual; o física y/o sexual), marco temporal (alguna vez; durante el último año) y perpetrador (cualquiera pareja en la vida; pareja actual/más reciente). En los países con 3+ rondas de datos, se aplicaron las pruebas de Cochran-Armitage y de ji cuadrada de Pearson para evaluar si los cambios en el transcurso del tiempo fueron significativos (P < 0,05). Resultados. Se encontraron encuestas elegibles en 24 países. Las mujeres reportaron haber sufrido alguna vez violencia física y/o sexual por parte de la pareja íntima con tasas que variaron desde el 14% al 17% en Brasil, Panamá y Uruguay hasta más de la mitad (58,5%) en Bolivia. La prevalencia de violencia física y/o sexual por parte de la pareja íntima durante el último año varió desde 1,1% en el Canadá hasta 27,1% en Bolivia. La evidencia preliminar sugiere una posible disminución en la prevalencia reportada para ciertos tipos de VPI en ocho países; sin embargo, algunos cambios fueron pequeños, ciertos indicadores no se modificaron significativamente y se observaron incrementos significativos en la prevalencia reportada de violencia física por parte de la pareja íntima durante el último año en la República Dominicana. Conclusiones. La VPI contra las mujeres sigue siendo un problema de salud pública y de derechos humanos en las Américas; sin embargo, la base de evidencia al respecto tiene deficiencias, lo que apunta a la necesidad de datos de mejor calidad y más comparables, a fin de movilizar y monitorear a la prevención y la respuesta ante la violencia.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Descrever o que se sabe sobre a prevalência nacional da violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) contra a mulher na Região das Américas, nos diferentes países e ao longo do tempo, incluindo cobertura geográfica, qualidade e comparabilidade de dados nacionais. Métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática e reanálise das estimativas nacionais populacionais de VPI na Região das Américas no período de 1998 a 2017. As estimativas foram reanalisadas para fins de comparação ou obtidas de relatórios, incluindo a prevalência de VPI por tipo de violência (física; sexual; ou física e/ou sexual), ocorrência (alguma vez ou último ano) e agressor (qualquer parceiro na vida; parceiro atual ou mais recente). Nos países com mais de três ciclos de dados, os testes de Cochran-Armitage e qui-quadrado de Pearson foram usados para avaliar se as mudanças observadas ao longo do tempo foram significativas (P < 0,05). Resultados. Pesquisas que cumpriam os requisitos do estudo foram identificadas em 24 países. O percentual de mulheres que informaram alguma vez terem sofrido VPI física e/ou sexual variou de 14% a 17% no Brasil, Panamá e Uruguai a mais da metade (58,5%) na Bolívia. A prevalência de VPI física e/ou sexual sofrida no último ano variou de 1,1% no Canadá a 27,1% na Bolívia. As evidências preliminares indicam uma possível redução na prevalência registrada de certos tipos de VPI em oito países. Porém, algumas mudanças foram pequenas, alguns indicadores não variaram significativamente e se observou um aumento significativo na prevalência informada de VPI física recente (último ano) na República Dominicana. Conclusões. A VPI contra a mulher continua sendo um problema de saúde pública e uma questão de direitos humanos na Região das Américas. Porém, a base de evidências tem importantes lacunas, ressaltando a necessidade de dados de alta de qualidade e comparáveis para a mobilização e o monitoramento da prevenção e resposta à violência.

Lithographically Patterned PEDOT Nanowires for the Detection of Iron(III) with Nanomolar Sensitivity.

Arrays of nanowires of an electronically conductive polymeric affinity medium tailored to the detection of Fe(III) are prepared, and their properties for detecting Fe(III) are evaluated. This polymeric affinity medium consists of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) into which an iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFA), has been doped during the polymerization process. PEDOT-DFA nanowires are potentiostatically deposited from a solution containing both EDOT and DFA using lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE). The through-nanowire electrical resistance of PEDOT-DFA nanowires is measured as a function of the Fe(III) concentration. In parallel with measurements on PEDOT-DFA nanowire arrays, the electrochemical impedance of PEDOT-DFA films is characterized as a function of the Fe(III) concentration and the frequency of the impedance measurement in order to better understand the mechanism of transduction. PEDOT-DFA nanowires detect Fe(III) from 10(-4) to 10(-8) M with a limit of detection of 300 pM (calculated) and 10 nM (measured).

Shining light on infants' discovery of structure.

Learning and discovery seem often to begin with noting patterns. Human infants are skilled at pattern detection, even patterns only definable at an abstract level, which is key to their acquisition of complex knowledge systems such as language and music. However, research examining infants' abstract rule learning has generated inconsistent results. We propose that apparent domain differences in infants' abstract rule learning may be the result of extraneous stimulus variation and discrepancies in the methodologies employed across studies probing this skill. We discuss how a behavioral methodology indexing infants' online learning would be valuable in furthering understanding of infants' (as well as adults') abstract rule learning and its neurophysiological concomitants. We outline current research aimed at developing such an index, and we propose future research, pairing such techniques with neurophysiological methods, aimed at shining more light on human skill at discovering structure.

Different neural pathways to negative affect in youth with pediatric bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation.

Questions persist regarding the presentation of bipolar disorder (BD) in youth and the nosological significance of irritability. Of particular interest is whether severe mood dysregulation (SMD), characterized by severe non-episodic irritability, hyper-arousal, and hyper-reactivity to negative emotional stimuli, is a developmental presentation of pediatric BD and, therefore, whether the two conditions are pathophysiologically similar. We administered the affective Posner paradigm, an attentional task with a condition involving blocked goal attainment via rigged feedback. The sample included 60 youth (20 BD, 20 SMD, and 20 controls) ages 8-17. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) examined neuronal activity (4-50 Hz) following negative versus positive feedback. We also examined reaction time (RT), response accuracy, and self-reported affect. Both BD and SMD youth reported being less happy than controls during the rigged condition. Also, SMD youth reported greater arousal following negative feedback than both BD and controls, and they responded to negative feedback with significantly greater activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial frontal gyrus (MFG) than controls. Compared to SMD and controls, BD youth displayed greater superior frontal gyrus (SFG) activation and decreased insula activation following negative feedback. Data suggest a greater negative affective response to blocked goal attainment in SMD versus BD and control youth. This occurs in tandem with hyperactivation of medial frontal regions in SMD youth, while BD youth show dysfunction in the SFG and insula. Data add to a growing empirical base that differentiates pediatric BD and SMD and begin to elucidate potential neural mechanisms of irritability.

A preliminary study of the neural mechanisms of frustration in pediatric bipolar disorder using magnetoencephalography.

BACKGROUND: Irritability is prevalent and impairing in pediatric bipolar disorder (BD) but has been minimally studied using neuroimaging techniques. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study theta band oscillations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during frustration in BD youth. ACC theta power is associated with attention to emotional stimuli, and the ACC may mediate responses to frustrating stimuli. METHODS: We used the affective Posner task, an attention paradigm that uses rigged feedback to induce frustration, to compare 20 medicated BD youth (14.9+/-2.0 years; 45% male) and 20 healthy controls (14.7+/-1.7 years; 45% male). MEG measured neuronal activity after negative and positive feedback; we also compared groups on reaction time, response accuracy, and self-reported affect. Patients met strict DSM-IV BD criteria and were euthymic. Controls had no psychiatric history. RESULTS: BD youth reported more negative affective responses than controls. After negative feedback, BD subjects, relative to controls, displayed greater theta power in the right ACC and bilateral parietal lobe. After positive feedback, BD subjects displayed lower theta power in the left ACC than did controls. Correlations between MEG, behavior, and affect were nonsignificant. CONCLUSION: In this first MEG study of BD youth, BD youth displayed patterns of theta oscillations in the ACC and parietal lobe in response to frustration-inducing negative feedback that differed from healthy controls. These data suggest that BD youth may display heightened processing of negative feedback and exaggerated self-monitoring after frustrating emotional stimuli. Future studies are needed with unmedicated bipolar youth, and comparison ADHD and anxiety groups.

Beta-2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms in cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES: Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease affecting the lung, pancreas, gut, liver, and reproductive tract, is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which encodes a cyclic adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate-regulated chloride channel. The variability of disease progression among patients with CF suggests effects of genetic modifiers of disease. Beta-2 adrenergic receptors (beta2AR), which are abundant in airway epithelial cells, accelerate the formation of cyclic adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate, which can modulate CFTR activity and affect smooth muscle contractility. We tested the hypothesis that genetic variants of the beta2AR gene, which have been shown to influence receptor desensitization, are more frequent in patients than in controls. METHODS: We genotyped 130 adult CF patients and 1 : 1 age-matched, sex-matched, and ethnicity-matched normal volunteers for GlyArg and GlnGlu beta2AR. RESULTS: We found that CF patients were more likely than controls to be Gly homozygotes (48 and 32%, respectively) (P<0.01) and Glu homozygotes (29 and 10%, respectively) (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our results, showing a higher frequency of Gly and Glu beta2AR alleles in adult CF patients than in the control population, contrast with data from children with CF, who are reported to have lower frequency of Gly and similar frequency of G1u, and with data from young adults with CF, who showed no differences in frequencies of beta2AR variants. The GlyGlu variant of beta2AR may have properties that lead to enhanced beta2AR function, resulting in the upregulation of CFTR activity and the improvement of CF disease.

Passive regulation of cardiac output during exercise by the elastic characteristics of the peripheral circulation.

A change in cardiac output induced by a change in cardiac performance is accompanied by opposite changes in cardiac filling pressure owing to the resistive and capacitive properties of blood vessels. The inverse relationship between cardiac output and cardiac filling pressure provides a passive (hydraulic) regulatory mechanism that functions to keep cardiac output constant during rest and exercise.

Elucidation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway mediated by Estein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several human diseases including infectious mononucleosis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is oncogenic and indispensable for cellular transformation caused by EBV. Expression of LMP1 in host cells constitutively activates both the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-kappaB pathways, which contributes to the oncogenic effect of LMP1. However, the underlying signaling mechanisms are not very well understood. Based mainly on overexpression studies with various dominant-negative constructs, LMP1 was generally thought to functionally mimic members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily in signaling. In contrast to the prevailing paradigm, using embryonic fibroblasts from different knockout mice and the small interfering RNA technique, we find that the LMP1-mediated JNK pathway is distinct from those mediated by either TNF-alpha or interleukin-1. Moreover, we have further elucidated the LMP1-mediated JNK pathway by demonstrating that LMP1 selectively utilizes TNF receptor-associated factor 6, TAK1/TAB1, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase kinases 1 and 2 to activate JNK.