[Infectious complications in children with end-stage renal disease on replacement therapy]. / Complicaciones infecciosas en niños con enfermedad renal terminal en terapia sustitutiva.

BACKGROUND: Annually, 5000 children younger than 20 years of age and 200 younger than two-years require treatment for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The objective was to estimate the incidence rate of infectious complications in children requiring renal replacement therapy. METHODS: Retrospective cohort. Patients with a minimum of three months of follow-up in programs of peritoneal dialysis and hemodyalisis were included. The incidence rate for infections associated to replacement therapy was calculated. RESULTS: 67 patients were analysed. In 88 %, initial therapy for CKD was peritoneal dialysis. A total of 52 episodes of peritonitis occured, with an incidence rate of 0.63 episodes/patient-year. Thirty children (48 %) never had an episode of peritonits during the folow-up. At six months, 90 % of the children had the same peritoneal dialysis catheter, decreasing to 84, 74 and 50 % at 12, 18 and 24 months, respectively. Forty-five children were on hemodialysis, 82 % preceded by peritoneal dialysis. Dialysis treatment time in 25 % of them was longer than 19 months. Twenty-two episodes of catheter-related bacteremia occurred, with an incidence rate of 1 episode/1000 catheter-days or 2.5/1000 hemodyalisis sesions. Twenty-nine patients received a transplant (43 %); two of them died. Median waiting time to transplant was 15 months. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence rate of infectious complications was similar to the rates reported in the literature by other centers. At 20 months, half of the patients had at least one infectious complication.

Introducción: aproximadamente 5000 niños menores de 20 años y 200 menores de dos años inician anualmente tratamiento para enfermedad renal terminal (ERT). Se buscó estimar la incidencia de complicaciones infecciosas en niños con ERT en terapia sustitutiva. Métodos: cohorte retrospectiva, se incluyeron pacientes en los programas de diálisis peritoneal y hemodiálisis, con seguimiento mínimo de tres meses. Se calculó la densidad de incidencia para las infecciones asociadas a terapia sustitutiva. Resultados: se analizaron 67 pacientes. En 88 % la terapia inicial fue diálisis peritoneal. Se presentaron 52 eventos de peritonitis y la densidad de incidencia fue de 0.63 episodios/paciente por año. Treinta niños (48 %) nunca tuvieron peritonitis. A los seis meses de seguimiento 90 % de los niños continuaban con el mismo catéter, lo cual disminuyó a 84, 74 y 50 % a los 12, 18 y 24 meses, respectivamente. Cuarenta y cinco niños estuvieron en hemodiálisis, 82 % de ellos precedidos por diálisis peritoneal. El tiempo en hemodiálisis en 25 % fue mayor a 19 meses. Se presentaron 22 eventos de bacteriemia y la densidad de incidencia fue 1 episodio/1000 días-catéter ó 2.5/1000 sesiones de hemodiálisis. Se trasplantaron 29 pacientes (43 %), dos fallecieron. La mediana de espera para trasplante fue de 15 meses. Conclusiones: la incidencia de complicaciones infecciosas es similar a lo registrado en la literatura. A los 20 meses, la mitad de los pacientes tuvieron al menos una complicación infecciosa.

Intima media thickness in children undergoing dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Uremic vasculopathy, including vascular calcification, increases the risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. We have investigated the prevalence and factors associated with vasculopathy in children undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD) in a single center. METHODS: Common carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and its relation with demographics, biochemical parameters and medication was analyzed in 60 patients (mean age 12.9 ± 3.4 years; 27 girls) treated with PD (n = 31) or HD (n = 29) for 34 ± 34 months. Patients were divided into two groups: normal cIMT and increased cIMT. RESULTS: Mean levels of calcium, phosphate and calcium/phosphate product were in the normal range, the but parathyroid hormone level, 729 ± 670 pg/mL, was higher than the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Iniative (K/DOQI) recommendations. Twenty-nine patients had increased cIMT, which was associated with time on dialysis of >2 years, hypercalcemia, higher daily dose of calcitriol and HD (vs. PD). In the multivariate analysis, accounting for time on dialysis, HD persisted as a risk for increased cIMT. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of increased cIMT in children on dialysis is similar to that reported in adults with CKD and increased with time on dialysis. HD was associated with increased cIMT, independently of time on dialysis; however, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the possible impact of confounding factors. These results underline the need to monitor and, if possible, prevent and treat increased cIMT in children on dialysis.

[Staphylococcus aureus colonization and risk of developing a subsequent peritonitis episode caused by an identical strain, among pediatric patients admitted for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis]. / Colonización por Staphylococcus aureus y riesgo de desarrollar episodio de peritonitis causado por cepa idéntica en pacientes pediátricos en diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of pediatric end stage renal disease patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis to develop a subsecuent peritonitis episode caused by an identical Staphylococcus aureus (SA) strain. METHODS: Longitudinal survey carried out in a CAPD center at the nephrology department of a tertiary care (reference) pediatric hospital. At recruitment, swabs were collected from the nares, exit site, and hands, respectively from 29 patients who were followed-up for a mean period of 369 +/- 80 days (range 224-516 days), and from the nares and hands of their mothers. Isolated SA strains were kept in BHI glycerol at -20 degrees C for subsequent analysis. Peritonitis episodes were monitored and registered. When a SA strain was isolated from the dialysate effluent it was compared with the preexisting strain by PFGE. RESULTS: We report 7 SA-mediated peritonitis episodes among 6 patients. Only one of these patients was a previous nasal carrier, and 2 were previous exit site carriers of the same SA strain. The relative risk of developing a peritonitis episode caused by a preexistent SA strain colonizing the exit site was 0.948. The relative risk of developing a peritonitis episode caused by a preexistent SA strain colonizing the nares was 0.525. CONCLUSIONS: SA carriers do not appear to be at higher risk of developing peritonitis by an SA related strain than non-carriers. Our results do not lend support to the recommendation of monitoring nasal or exit site carrier status in CAPD patients. The need of attempting to eradicate SA from nose or exit site is also questioned.

Colonización por Staphylococcus aureus y riesgo de desarrollar episodio de peritonitis causado por cepa idéntica en pacientes pediátricos en diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria / Staphylococcus aureus colonization and risk of developing a subsequent peritonitis episode caused by an identical strain, among pediatric patients admitted for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de los pacientes pediátricos con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal en programa de diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria (DPCA), portadores de Staphylococcus aureus (SA) en nariz, manos o sitio de salida del catéter, para desarrollar episodio de peritonitis causado por una cepa idéntica. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal en un centro de DPCA perteneciente a un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel. Al ingresar al estudio se tomaron cultivos de las narinas, sitio de salida del catéter y manos, de 29 pacientes vigilados por un periodo promedio de 369 ± 80 días (de 224 a 516 días), y de las narinas y manos de sus madres. Las cepas de SA aisladas se conservaron en glicerol BHI a –20°C para análisis posterior. Los episodios de peritonitis se monitorearon y registraron. Cuando se aisló una cepa de SA del líquido de diálisis efluente se comparó con la previa identificada por electroforesis en gel de campos pulsados. Resultados: Se presentaron siete episodios de peritonitis causados por SA en seis pacientes, uno de los cuales era portador previo de la misma cepa en la nariz y dos en el sitio de salida del catéter. El riesgo relativo de desarrollar un episodio de peritonitis causado por una cepa preexistente localizada en el sitio de salida del catéter fue de 0.948, y de 0.525 por una cepa preexistente localizada en la nariz. Conclusiones: Los portadores de SA no parecen tener riesgo más alto de desarrollar peritonitis causada por una cepa de SA relacionada que los no portadores. No se sustenta la recomendación de monitorear el estado de portador nasal o en el sitio de salida del catéter en los pacientes tratados con DPCA. La conveniencia de erradicar el SA de la nariz o el sitio de salida del catéter también es cuestionable.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of pediatric end stage renal disease patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis to develop a subsecuent peritonitis episode caused by an identical Staphylococcus aureus (SA) strain. METHODS: Longitudinal survey carried out in a CAPD center at the nephrology department of a tertiary care (reference) pediatric hospital. At recruitment, swabs were collected from the nares, exit site, and hands, respectively from 29 patients who were followed-up for a mean period of 369 +/- 80 days (range 224-516 days), and from the nares and hands of their mothers. Isolated SA strains were kept in BHI glycerol at -20 degrees C for subsequent analysis. Peritonitis episodes were monitored and registered. When a SA strain was isolated from the dialysate effluent it was compared with the preexisting strain by PFGE. RESULTS: We report 7 SA-mediated peritonitis episodes among 6 patients. Only one of these patients was a previous nasal carrier, and 2 were previous exit site carriers of the same SA strain. The relative risk of developing a peritonitis episode caused by a preexistent SA strain colonizing the exit site was 0.948. The relative risk of developing a peritonitis episode caused by a preexistent SA strain colonizing the nares was 0.525. CONCLUSIONS: SA carriers do not appear to be at higher risk of developing peritonitis by an SA related strain than non-carriers. Our results do not lend support to the recommendation of monitoring nasal or exit site carrier status in CAPD patients. The need of attempting to eradicate SA from nose or exit site is also questioned.

Frequency of low carnitine levels in children on dialysis.

To determine the frequency of low carnitine levels, we measured serum carnitine in pediatric patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD). Our prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2004 to March 2005 in a single pediatric center, and included patients under 17 years of age who had been on HD or PD for more than 3 months. Patients with primary carnitine deficiency were excluded. A 4-day food diary was used for carnitine intake quantification. Serum total and free carnitine and acylcarnitine were measured. We compared patients with low and normal carnitine levels using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Spearman correlation. Of 100 study patients, 70 were on PD, and 61 were male. The median age was 13 years, and the median time on dialysis, 10.5 months. Median serum free carnitine was 32.75 nmol/mL. Carnitine levels were lower than normal in 75 patients and reached the level of deficiency in 29. No difference was found between the dialysis modality types for any fraction of carnitine. No correlation was found between the level of free carnitine and time on dialysis (r = -0.009, p = 0.9) or carnitine intake (r = -0.84, p = 0.4). In conclusion, the frequency ofl ow serum carnitine among pediatric patient on dialysis is high.

Pancreatitis aguda en pacientes pediatricos con insuficiencia renal cronica en programa de dialisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria (DPCA) / Acute pancreatitis in pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

La amilasa y lipasa sérica pueden estar incrementadas por diversos factores en los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) en programa de diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria (DPCA) y no sólo por pancreatitis. Ante la sospecha de pancreatitis aguda, además del cuadro clínico y estudios de laboratorio, hay que considerar ultrasonido, tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) y/o pancreatografìa, esta última ante la sospecha de pancreatitis necrotizante. Es un estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal, descriptivo. Se estudiaron a 295 pacientes pediátricos desde recién nacidos hasta los 16 años de edad, todos con IRC en programa de DPCA de Enero de 1989 a Julio de 1998. A seis pacientes (2.03 por ciento) se les corroboró pancreatitis aguda por clínica (todos presentaron náusea, vómito y dolor abdominal descartándose en ellos una peritonitis) y estudios de gabinete. Ellos presentaron la lipasa sérica elevada y sólo 5 (83 por ciento) la amilasa sérica. En ningún paciente se determinó la depuración de amilasa. A cinco pacientes se les corroboró pancreatitis edematosa, ameritando 4 de ellos apoyo con nutrición parenteral total (NPT) y 1 por ayuno prolongado requirió yeyunostomía; por el gran aporte hídrico de la NPT todos ameritaron hemodiálisis a requerimiento. Al paciente que se le diagnosticó pancreatitis necrotizante, su ayuno fue de 110 días ameritando alimentación en forma inicial con NPT y posteriormente yeyunostomía, e ingresó también al programa de hemodiálisis a requerimiento. Actualmente un paciente está trasplantado, uno en programa de hemodiálisis , dos en DPCA y dos fallecieron por causas no inherentes a la pancreatitis, uno al año y el otro al mes de resuelta. A pesar de la tasa de mortalidad elevada que representa esta entidad, en nuestra población fue del 0 por ciento.

Reserva funcional renal en niños con diabetes mellitus insulinodependiente / Renal function reserve in children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Para valorar la presencia de nefropatía diabética incipiente en niños con diabetes mellitus insulino dependiente (DMID), se estudió la reserva funcional renal (RFR) mediante la administración de proteínas por vía bucal. Se estudió una serie de 12 escolares y adolescentes con DMID bajo control metabólico aceptable (HbA1c < 14 por ciento), menos de cinco años de evolución, albuminuria negativa en tira reactiva, sin complicaciones crónicas de la biabetes. Se midieron la filtración glomerular (FG) y el flujo plasmático renal efectivo (FPRE) basales y después de la administración de 1.5 g/kg de peso corporal, de proteínas por vía bucal, y la microalbuminuria en dos ocasiones antes y dos ocasiones después de la administración de las proteínas. La FG (151.2 ñ 5.9 vs 147.9 ñ 5.5 mL/min/1.73 m²) y el FPRE (883.8 ñ 46.1 vs 816.3 ñ 37.0 mL/min/1.73 m²) no aumentaron después de la carga de proteínas, por lo que se consideró que la RFR estaba abolida. La excreción urinaria de proteínas no se modificó después del procedimiento, respecto al valor basal. La desaparición de la RFR permite identificar la nefropatía diabética en una etapa en la que aún no están presentes otros marcadores de daño renal incipiente como la microalbuminuria y, por lo tanto, posibilita iniciar tratamiento para esta complicación en etapas más tempranas de la misma. Reserva funcional renal; hiperfiltración; nefropatía diabética; filtración glomerular; flujo plasmático renal; diabetes mellitus insulino dependiente