[Analysis of road traffic injuries in Mexican cyclists]. / Análisis de las lesiones causadas por el tránsito sufridas por ciclistas en México.

With the objective of analyzing fatal and non-fatal road traffic injuries in cyclists and to document helmet use in this road user to inform sustainable mobility policies, a descriptive analysis of four secondary official information sources was conducted at the national level: mortality, Ministry of Health's hospital discharges, Unintentional and Violence Registry System (SIS-SS-17-P) and the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). Only SIS-SS-17-P and ENSANUT document helmet use. Except for ENSANUT information analyzed is of 2014.A total of 190 cyclists died in Mexico during 2014 and 392 were hospitalized; head was the anatomical region most frequently affected (63% and 32%, respectively). Only 0.75% of the 667 cases registered in SIS-17 reported helmet use and 24% suffered head injuries. Of the 165,348 non-fatally injured cyclists from ENSANUT <10% used helmet, 24% had head injuries and more than 16,000 suffered permanent injuries. Whereas cyclist-friendly infrastructure is an effective intervention to prevent injuries in the long term, helmet use could potentially reduce the frequency and severity of head injuries in the short run while bicycle use widespread as a means of transportation providing "safety in numbers".

Antimutagenic and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia.

The essential oils of Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia showed antimycotic activity against Candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity; they are neither mutagenic on the Ames test nor cytotoxic. Their main components are R-(+)-limonene, ß-thujene, α-myrcene and γ-terpinene. The aim of this work was to evaluate their antimutagenic and antioxidant capacities. Antimutagenic properties were evaluated against MNNG and ENNG on S. typhimurium TA100; against 2AA on strain TA98 and in front of 4NQO and NOR on strain TA102. Both were antimutagenic against MNNG (p < 0.001) but only C. latifolia was antimutagenic against ENNG (p < 0.001). Both presented antimutagenic activity against 2AA (p < 0.001). They were antioxidant against the ROS-generating compound 4NQO (p < 0.001) and the antibiotic NOR (p < 0.001). In the antioxidant evaluation, the activity in DPPH assay was in a range of 6-23% for C. sinensis and of 22-71% for C. latifolia. Both were antioxidant compared with BHT in ß-carotene bleaching assay and were able to decreased apoptosis in HaCat cells stimulated with H2O2. The levels of intracellular superoxide ion were lower in the presence of both oils. In conclusion, the essential oils of C. sinensis and C. latifolia are antimutagenic against at least three types of mutagens and have antioxidants properties.

Diferencias del sexo y de la edad en el contenido de metales pesados (Cd, Cu, Pb y Zn) en pelos de lobo ibérico (Canis lupus signatus) del Norte de España / Sex and age differences in heavy metals content (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in hairs of Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) from the North of Spain

Como consumidor situado en la cumbre de las cadenas alimenticias, el lobo ibérico (Canis lupus signatus) puede sufrir fenómenos de bioacumulación de diferentes contaminantes que se encuentran distribuidos en el medio ambiente. Esto permite pensar en su posible empleo para detectar y evaluar los efectos toxicológicos de xenobióticos diversos como los metales pesados en los ecosistemas terrestres, pudiendo por ello llegar a ser considerado como adecuado biomonitor del medio. Sin embargo, debido a su importancia ecológica, los métodos destructivos no son los más adecuados para dicha determinación toxicológica, de modo que las muestras no destructivas cobran gran importancia como herramienta para dicha biomonitorización. En el presente trabajo se ha determinado la influencia del sexo y de la edad en la concentración de Cd, Cu, Pb y Zn en pelo de lobos procedente del noroeste de España. Las muestras de pelo (n = 158) fueron lavadas y tras ser sometidas a una digestión por vía húmeda, las concentraciones de Cd, Cu, Pb y Zn fueron determinadas mediante Voltamperometría de Disolución Anódica. Con respecto a la variable sexo, las concentraciones más altas de todos los metales pesados estudiados se cuantificaron en el pelo de las hembras, coincidiendo con lo observado por otros autores, lo cual puede estar asociado a las diferencias fisiológicas y a los diferentes hábitos nutricionales. No obstante, sólo se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para un nivel de significación 0,05 en el caso del cobre, acumulándose más en las hembras que en los machos. Respecto a la variable edad, no se observó un patrón de acumulación de estos metales bien definido. Las concentraciones de Cd y Zn fueron superiores en los individuos cachorros (< 1 año) mientras que las de Cu y Pb resultaron más altas en los jóvenes (entre 1 y 2 años). En todos los casos, los niveles cuantificados pueden ser considerados indicativos de unas concentraciones relativamente bajas, sin relevancia ecotoxicológica y no constituyendo un factor medioambiental serio que pueda afectar a la supervivencia de la población considerada (AU)

As top consumers in food chains, the Iberian wolves (Canis lupus signatus) might experiment bioaccumulation of contaminants which are distributed in the environment, thus offering opportunities to detect and assess the toxicological effects of xenobiotics like the heavy metals on terrestrial ecosystems and to use this species as an adequate bioindicator within the environmental biomonitoring programs. Notwithstanding, destructive methods are not acceptable for those ecotoxicological purposes, thus rendering non-destructive samples as the most important tools for such biomonitoring. At the present study the sex and age influence on Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentration in hair of wolves from NW Spain has been determined. Hair samples (n=158) were washed and after wet digestion, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations were measured by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. With respect to sex, the highest concentrations of all heavy metals were quantified on female's hair, similarly to that observed by other authors, which could be associated to different physiological characteristics and nutritional habits. Nevertheless, statistically differences with a significant level of 0.05 were only observed in the case of the copper, being higher in female than in males. With respect to age, there was not a well-defined accumulation standard of the studied heavy metals. The Cd and Zn concentrations were higher in wolf cubs (< 1 year), meanwhile the Cu and Pb concentrations were higher in the young ones (between 1 and 2 years). In all cases, the quantified metal amounts could be considered as indicative of low contaminations levels, with no ecotoxicological concern, and not constituting a serious environmental factor affecting the survival of the considered populations (AU)

Acute toxicity of 3-deoxy-4-sulphohexosulose in rats and mice, and in vitro mutagenicity in the Ames test.

3-Deoxy-4-sulphohexosulose (DSH) is formed in sulphited foods by the interaction of SO2 and intermediates of the Maillard reaction. The acute intragastric toxicity of DSH has been studied in rats and mice, and the LD50 was found to exceed 5 g/kg body weight in both species. The only adverse effect seen in a 14-day post-dosing period was a transient diarrhoea in the first 24 hr. DSH was shown to be non-mutagenic in four strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the Ames test, with and without metabolic activation by S-9 mix from Aroclor-treated rats.

Metabolism of 3-deoxy-4-sulphohexosulose, a reaction product of sulphite in foods, by rat and mouse.

The excretion of single intragastric doses of 14C-labelled 3-deoxy-4-sulphohexosulose (DSH) was studied in male CF1 mice and male and female Wistar albino rats. Urine and faeces were collected 6, 12, 24, (36), 48 and 72 hr after administration of 2100 mg [14C]DSH/kg body weight (to mice), 1700 mg/kg (to male rats) and 100 and 500 mg/kg (to male and female rats). After 72 hr, plasma and total carcass levels were determined in some experiments. In mice 29% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine, 50% in the faeces and some 13% in cage washings. In rats, faecal excretion varied between 58.5 and 73%. Urinary excretion varied between 16.5 and 31% and was slightly higher in male than in female rats. No radioactivity was detected in expired air of rats, and carcass levels in rats and mice after 72 hr were less than 0.1% of the dose. TLC analysis of urine extracts revealed only unchanged [14C]DSH. In similar studies, male rats and mice were given 35S-labelled DSH in a dose of 6500 mg/kg or 10,700 mg/kg, respectively. Urinary activity accounted for 19.5% of the dose in rats and 27.5% in mice by 72 hr and no 35S-labelled sulphate was detectable in the urine. Organ analyses at nine intervals from 0.25 to 24 hr after intragastric administration of 1600 and 1800 mg [14C]DSH/kg to male rats and mice, respectively, showed that at all times most of the 14C activity was associated with the gastro-intestinal tract in both species. Maximum tissue levels were 2.16% of the dose in the rat liver 0.5 hr after dosing and 1.57% in the mouse kidney after 0.25 hr. Significant amounts of activity (greater than 0.25% of the dose) occurred transiently also in the pancreas and lungs of both species, in the rat testes and in the mouse bladder. Maximum plasma levels were 0.09% of the dose/ml in rats 0.5 and 1 hr after dosing and 0.34%/ml in mice at 0.25 hr.