Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 15 de 15
Filter
5.
Gac Sanit ; 16(2): 171-81, 2002.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11958754

ABSTRACT

In Spain pharmaceutical distribution is carried out mainly thorugh the 20,000 independent pharmacies located throughout the country. This situation contrasts with that in other countries where other health care providers play a major role in drug dispensation or where pharmacies form part of industrial conglomerates or commercial chains. We describe the pharmaceutical distribution chain in Spain wholesale and through the pharmacies and place particular emphasis on five aspects of relevance when considering alternatives: ownership of the pharmacy and norms of professional service, criteria for setting up a pharmacy, monopoly on dispensing, automatic ageement with the Spanish national health system and reimbursement system. Several alternatives found in comparable countries are described: mail order and on-line distribution, sale of over-the counter pharmaceutical products in establishments other than pharmacies, the estabilishment of pharmaceutical chains, dispensing by providers, the repercussions of electronic prescribing and the possibilities of the still-emerging Pharmacuetical Care. The characteristics of pharmacy reimbursement systems are also reviewed. We recommend modification of limitations on ownership of pharmacies, the establishment of optional agreements between pharmacies and the Spanish national health system and the authorization of alternative or complementary channels of distribution for some products. We propose a mixed model of reimbursement that would include: a) a ficed price for dispensing; b) almost total return of the cost of the product; c) reimbursement for services explicity defined by the financer, and d) the possibility of a selective fixed payment for certain situations depending on the agreed services or a guaranteed minimum income.


Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Preparations/economics , Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply & distribution , Pharmaceutical Services/economics , Pharmaceutical Services/supply & distribution , Reimbursement Mechanisms , Spain
6.
Gac. sanit. (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 16(2): 171-181, mar.-abr. 2002.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-110556

ABSTRACT

La distribución de medicamentos en España se articula mayoritariamente alrededor de las 20.000 oficinas de farmacia (OOFF) independientes radicadas en el territorio. Esta situación contrasta con la de otros países en que otros proveedores sanitarios desempeñan un papel primordial en la dispensación de fármacos, o con la de aquellos cuyas farmacias forman parte de conglomerados industriales o cadenas empresariales. Se presenta una descripción de la cadena de distribución del medicamento española –mayoristas y OOFF–, destacando 5 aspectos relevantes para la consideración de alternativas: titularidad de la farmacia y actuación profesional, criterios de radicación, monopolio de dispensación, concierto automático con el Sistema Nacional de la Salud (SNS) y sistema de retribución. Se consideran algunas alternativas existentes en países de nuestro entorno: distribución a distancia, venta de especialidades farmacéuticas publicitarias en establecimientos distintos de las OOFF, constitución de cadenas farmacéuticas, dispensación por proveedores, repercusiones de la prescripción electrónica y las posibilidades de la aún emergente atención farmacéutica. Asimismo se revisan las características de los sistemas de retribución de las farmacias. Se proponen la modificación de las limitaciones a la propiedad de las OOFF, el establecimiento de convenios de libre aceptación entre éstas y el SNS, y la autorización de canales alternativos o complementarios para la distribución de algunos productos. En (..) (AU)


In Spain pharmaceutical distribution is carried out mainly thorugh the 20,000 independent pharmacies located throughout the country. This situation contrasts with that in other countries where other health care providers play a major role in drug dispensation or where pharmacies form part of industrial conglomerates or commercial chains. We describe the pharmaceutical distribution chain in Spain –wholesale and through the pharmacies– and place particular emphasis on five aspects of relevance when considering alternatives: ownership of the pharmacy and norms of professional service, criteria for setting up a pharmacy, monopoly on dispensing, automatic ageement with the Spanish national health system and reimbursement system. Several alternatives found in comparable countries are described: mail order and on-line distribution, sale of over-the counter pharmaceutical products in establishments other than pharmacies, the estabilishment of pharmaceutical chains, dispensing by providers, the repercussions of electronic prescribing and the possibilities of the still-emerging «Pharmacuetical Care». The characteristics of pharmacy reimbursement systems are also reviewed. We recommend modification of limitations on ownership of pharmacies, the establishment of optional agreements between pharmacies and the Spanish national health system and the authorization of alternative or complementary channels of distribution for some products. We propose a mixed model of reimbursement that would include: a) a ficed price for dispensing; b) almost total (..) (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmacies/organization & administration , Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply & distribution , National Drug Policy , Drug Costs , Nonprescription Drugs/supply & distribution , Drug Dispensaries , Prescription Drugs/supply & distribution , Remuneration
7.
Gest. hosp. (Ed. impr.) ; 12(4): 196-201, oct. 2001. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-5967

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Conocer el nivel de variabilidad en el uso de una serie de procedimientos quirúrgicos en la provincia de Alicante y el grado en que los recursos disponibles pueden condicionar su aparición. Métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo de las tasas estandarizadas por edad y sexo de intervenciones quirúrgicas seleccionadas realizadas a lo largo de 1994 y 1995 en las diferentes áreas de salud de la provincia de Alicante, seguido de un análisis ecológico de la variabilidad utilizando una serie de indicadores de la misma. Los casos se han obtenido realizado a partir del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos (CMBD) al alta hospitalaria, registros de intervenciones realizadas en unidades de cirugía sin ingreso y en centros concertados. Se estudian un total de 20 procedimientos quirúrgicos, elegidos por ser, en general, de elevada utilización y de diferente variabilidad. Se valoró la asociación entre las tasas estandarizadas y la oferta de servicios, a partir del número de médicos especialistas, de camas disponibles y de horas de quirófano, por cada una de las especialidades y áreas de salud, mediante regresión simple o multivariante. Resultados: Las áreas de salud 1, 2 y 8 ofrecen las tasas más bajas de utilización de intervenciones. Por el contrario, las áreas 7 y, especialmente, la 5, presentan en general tasas de uso de procedimientos más elevadas que el resto de demarcaciones. La cesárea, gastrectomía, histerectomía y apendectomía resultaron las intervenciones con menor variabilidad, mientras que las intervenciones de rinoplastia, cataratas, artroscopia de rodilla y cirugía del recto, presentaron la variabilidad más elevada. La relación entre recursos y tasas de intervenciones mostró, en muchos casos, asociación positiva aunque no siempre estadísticamente significativa. La relación entre tasas y lista de espera únicamente resultó significativa para la artroscopia de rodilla. Conclusiones: Las tasas de utilización de los procedimientos quirúrgicos analizados muestran variaciones sistemáticas, en su mayoría, importantes. Esta variación tiende a ser superior en la cirugía electiva que en las intervenciones urgentes o por procesos neoplásicos. La asociación entre la disponibilidad de recursos y la tasa de intervenciones es siempre positiva cuando es significativa. Paradójicamente, también fue positiva la asociación entre el número de pacientes en lista de espera y el ratio poblacional de recursos, cuando hubo significación estadística. El impacto poblacional de la variabilidad fue considerable, especialmente en procedimientos con variabilidad y grado de utilización elevados. (AU)


Subject(s)
Female , Male , Humans , Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods , Surgical Procedures, Operative , Health Resources , Cross-Sectional Studies
10.
Gac. sanit. (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 14(6): 472-481, nov.-dic. 2000.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-2624

ABSTRACT

El término conflicto de intereses se aplica, entre otras, a aquellas situaciones en que la validez e integridad de la investigación puede estar influida por un interés secundario, típicamente un beneficio económico, pero también un posicionamiento ideológico u otros intereses personales o profesionales. En este trabajo se describen y discuten algunas de las formas de conflicto de intereses -particularmente el relacionado con la publicación de trabajos de investigación clínica y epidemiológica financiados por la industria- y los intentos de regulación de este problema por parte de las revistas médicas, incluyendo referencias a la situación en España. El conflicto de interés no es sinónimo de fraude científico ni malpraxis en investigación, pero en la literatura médica existe suficiente evidencia para considerarlo una importante fuente de sesgos. La forma usual de enfrentar el conflicto de intereses es hacerlos públicos, de forma que los lectores puedan juzgar por sí mismos su importancia. Las políticas editoriales de las revistas españolas se hallan, en general, lejos de darle importancia al conflicto de intereses, aspecto que podría favorecer una actitud de los investigadores -para mantener la financiación u obtener nuevos contratos- innecesariamente supeditada a los intereses de las empresas (AU)


Subject(s)
Conflict of Interest , Publication Bias , Research Support as Topic , Spain , Peer Review
11.
Gac Sanit ; 14(6): 472-81, 2000.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11270174

ABSTRACT

The term conflict of interests is applied to those situations in which the research validity and integrity may be influenced by a secondary interest, typically an economic benefit, but also an ideological, personal or professional interest. In this work we describe some ways of conflict of interests--particularly those related with the publication of clinical and epidemiological research supported by the industry--and the regulation of this problem from medical journals, including references to the situation in Spain. The conflict of interest is not synonymous of scientific fraud neither malpraxis in research, but in the medical literature there exists enough evidence to consider it as an important source of biases. The usual form of facing the conflict of interests is to make it public, so that readers can judge its importance. The editorial policies of the Spanish journals are, in general, far from giving importance to this problem, an aspect which could favor an attitude of the investigators, to maintain funding or to obtain new contracts, unnecessarily subordinated to the interests of the companies.


Subject(s)
Conflict of Interest , Publication Bias , Research Support as Topic , Peer Review , Spain
14.
Med Clin (Barc) ; 107(4): 124-9, 1996 Jun 22.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8754481

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The study was carried out in order to assess the inter-observer reliability and validity in respect of clinical appraisal given by the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP), in the context of the Spanish Public Hospital System. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In order to assess the reliability a total of 614 hospital stays chosen at random from 56 hospital admissions were independently analysed by three reviewers (two doctors and one nurse). In order to assess the validity, the findings obtained by the nurse were compared with the majority opinion given by the 7 hospital specialists in respect of each of hospital stays under evaluation. As part of the analytical procedure, indices for observed agreement, and specific agreement were calculated, as well as the Kappa statistic, all forming of various random samples of 614 hospital stays. In order to assess the predictive validity of the AEP, its sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were all measured against the majority clinical judgement. RESULTS: The study exhibited a high degree of inter-observer reliability (specific agreement > 64%, kappa > 0.75) and a reasonable validity in comparison with the consensus of opinions formed by a least 4 or 5 of its 7 clinical reviewers (specific agreement > 61%, kappa > 0.64), these values decreasing notably when the consensus of 6 or 7 of the reviewers was required. The AEP revealed a high degree of sensitivity and a low degree of specificity in comparison with the majority clinical assessment, thus minimising the occurrence of false results when the stay was regarded as appropriate, and producing false negatives (appropriate hospital stays regarded as inappropriate) varying in degree from moderate to very high. CONCLUSIONS: The results showing high reliability and moderate validity regarding clinical assessment shows the AEP to be a useful instrument in the sifting-out of inappropriate use of hospitalisation, although they do not allow a definitive judgement to be made concerning the efficiency of hospital services nor judgements regarding individual cases.


Subject(s)
Health Services Misuse/statistics & numerical data , Hospitalization , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Humans , Observer Variation , Predictive Value of Tests
15.
Int J Qual Health Care ; 6(4): 347-52, 1994 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7719670

ABSTRACT

The length of stay (LOS) of a surgical procedure is influenced both by the real need for medical and nursing care of the patient and also by the practice style of each unit, which can include unjustified stays. The aim of this work was to estimate the appropriate LOS for appendectomy and its differences with the LOS observed in practice. Two hundred and forty-nine medical records (249 admission days and 1447 successive stays) for patients over 6 years old who had had an appendectomy in 1992 were classified by Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) and reviewed using the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol. 1.6% of admission days and 31.7% of successive stays were assessed inappropriate. The appropriate LOS for appendectomy was 4.7 days as opposed to 6.8 days of observed LOS. For the DRG 167 (76.3% of the sample) appropriate LOS was 3.4 days (observed LOS 4.9 days). These results suggest the existence of an important proportion of avoidable hospital stays and provides a simple and low cost methodology for assessing the suitability of local hospitalization practices.


Subject(s)
Appendectomy , Hospitals/statistics & numerical data , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Appendectomy/classification , Appendectomy/statistics & numerical data , Child , Comorbidity , Diagnosis-Related Groups , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Regional Health Planning , Retrospective Studies , Spain
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL
...