Effect of Brönsted acidic ionic liquid 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride on growth and co-fermentation of glucose, xylose and arabinose by Zymomonas mobilis AX101.

The potential of large-scale lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis to fermentable sugars using ionic liquids has increased interest in this green chemistry route to fermentation for fuel-ethanol production. The ionic liquid 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride compared to other reported ionic liquids has the advantage of hydrolysing lignocellulosic biomass to reducing sugars at catalytic concentrations (≤0·032 mol l-1 ) in a single step. However, effects of this ionic liquid on co-fermentation of glucose, xylose and arabinose to ethanol by recombinant Zymomonas mobilisAX101 has not been studied. Authentic glucose, xylose and arabinose were used to formulate fermentation media at varying catalytic 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride concentrations for batch co-fermentation of the sugars using Z. mobilisAX101. The results showed that at 0·008, 0·016 and 0·032 mol l-1 ionic liquid in the culture medium, cell growth decreased by 10, 27 and 67% respectively compared to the control. Ethanol yields were 62·6, 61·8, 50·5 and 23·1% for the control, 0·008, 0·016 and 0·032 mol l-1 ionic liquid respectively. The results indicate that lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysed using 0·008 mol l-1 of 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride would eliminate an additional separation step and provide a ready to use fermentation substrate. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: This is the first reported study of the effect of the Brönsted acidic ionic liquid 1-(1-propylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride on growth and co-fermentation of glucose, xylose and arabinose by Zymomonas mobilisAX101 in batch culture. Growth on and co-fermentation of the sugars by Z. mobilisAX 101 with no significant inhibition by the ionic liquid at the same catalytic amounts of 0·008 mol l-1 used to hydrolyse lignocellulosic biomass to reducing sugars overcome two major hurdles that adversely affect the process economics of large-scale industrial cellulosic fuel ethanol production; the energy-intensive hydrolysis and ionic liquid separation steps.

Prediction of genetic gains by selection indices using mixed models in elephant grass for energy purposes.

Genetically improved cultivars of elephant grass need to be adapted to different ecosystems with a faster growth speed and lower seasonality of biomass production over the year. This study aimed to use selection indices using mixed models (REML/BLUP) for selecting families and progenies within full-sib families of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) for biomass production. One hundred and twenty full-sib progenies were assessed from 2014 to 2015 in a randomized block design with three replications. During this period, the traits dry matter production, the number of tillers, plant height, stem diameter, and neutral detergent fiber were assessed. Families 3 and 1 were the best classified, being the most indicated for selection effect. Progenies 40, 45, 46, and 49 got the first positions in the three indices assessed in the first cut. The gain for individual 40 was 161.76% using Mulamba and Mock index. The use of selection indices using mixed models is advantageous in elephant grass since they provide high gains with the selection, which are distributed among all the assessed traits in the most appropriate situation to breeding programs.

Stability of annual biomass energy production of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) genotypes in the Northern region of the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the stability of dry biomass production of elephant grass genotypes under an annual harvest regime, in soil-climatic conditions of the Northern region of the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and to compare methodologies for stability analyses of Yates and Cochran (YC), Plaisted and Peterson (PP), Annicchiarico (ANN), Lin and Binns (LB), Huenh (HU), and Kang and Phan (KP). A randomized block design with 83 treatments and two replicates was adopted. Four annual harvests were performed (2012-2015) and dry matter yield (DMY, t.ha-1.year-1) was evaluated. Individual and combined analyses of variance for DMY revealed significant effects for genotypes, harvests, and for the genotype x harvest interaction at the probability levels of 1 and 5%. Genotypes indicated by the YC and PP methods are associated with higher stability and lower DMY. The weighting of KP with YC and PP was highly effective in associating stability with DMY. The LB and ANN methods showed strong agreement with each other and produced similar classifications as to phenotypic stability, and so we recommend using one or the other. Genotypes Elefante Cachoeiro do Itapemirim, Cuba-116, Taiwan A-46, P241 Piracicaba, Taiwan A-144, Cameroon - Piracicaba, 10 AD IRI, Guaçu/I,Z,2, Mineirão IPEACO, Taiwan A-121, IJ7125 cv EMPASC308, 903-77, Mole de Volta Grande, and Porto Rico 534-B showed high stability and DMY, standing out as promising genotypes for the soil-climatic conditions of the Northern region of the Rio de Janeiro State. The methodologies based on ANOVA and non-parametric analyses were complementary and increased reliability in the recommendation of genotypes.

Use of elephant grass for energy production in Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil.

Elephant grass is a tropical forage plant widely distributed throughout Brazil. It was first exclusively used in the livestock sector as cattle feed. The grass is characterized by its high productivity and photosynthetic capacity and is considered as an alternative source of renewable energy. Here, we estimated the general combining ability of the parents and specific combining ability of the hybrids based on morpho-agronomic biomass-quality traits. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 3 replicates. The diallel was composed of 16 hybrids and 2 groups of genitors. In the diallel analysis of variance, we observed a significant difference among treatments. A significant difference was observed among genitors for dry matter production (DMP). For the general combining ability of group 1, the traits leaf blade width, DMP, height, percentage of neutral detergent fiber, percentage of hemicellulose, percentage of lignin, percentage of acid detergent fiber, and percentage of cellulose were significant. For the estimates of general combining ability of DMP, parents Porto Rico 534-B, Vruckwona, Taiwan A-146, and Mercker S. E. A. were 0.4748, 3.2819, 1.1659, and 0.4317. The parents of Mercker S. E. A. and Porto Rico 534-B produced the highest percentage of detergent fiber and percentage of lignin with values of 0.1482 and 0.0856. Thus, parents Vruckwona, Porto Rico 534-B, and Taiwan A-146 are promising for integration into breeding programs. The best hybrid combinations for DMP were 1 x 5, 1 x 8, 2 x 6, 3 x 7, and 4 x 5.

Intracranial dural arterio-venous fistula.

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae are rare, acquired lesions that may present with intracranial haemorrhage or progressive neurological deficits. Their cause is uncertain, although they are often associated with intracranial venous thrombosis. Their importance lies in the fact that they are potentially curable by endovascular or neurosurgical procedures, but easily missed on routine brain imaging. In addition, clinical presentation is variable, with no easily recognisable "syndrome". A high index of suspicion is therefore required, as well as familiarity with the characteristic radiological abnormalities seen on appropriate imaging.

Neural networks learning with sliding mode control: the sliding mode backpropagation algorithm.

Based on the classical backpropagation weight update equations, sliding mode control theory is introduced as a technique to adapt weights of a multi-layer perceptron. As will be demonstrated, the introduction of sliding mode has resulted in a much faster version of the standard backpropagation. The results show also that the proposed algorithm presents some important features of sliding mode control, which are robustness and high speed of learning. In addition to that, this paper shows also how control theory can be applied to train neural networks.

Nonlinear system identification using a neo fuzzy neuron algorithm: electrical drive application.

This work presents a Neo-Fuzzy-Neuron algorithm for the identification of nonlinear dynamic systems at the point of view of a rotor flux observer. The algorithm training is on-line, has low computational cost, does not require previous training and its convergence in one step is proved. The gradient descent method is used for its weights adjustment. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm for flux observer of induction motor drive system.

Incidência de complicaçöes em anestesia pediátrica / The incidence of complications in pediatric anesthesia

Justificativa e Objetivos - Inexiste na literatura medica brasileira uma abordagem da ocorrencia de complicacoes com pacientes pediatricos, submetidos a varias tecnicas anestesicas, durante um determinado periodo de tempo e apos a observacao de um grande numero de atos cirurgicos. Neste estudo foi observada a ocorrencia de complicacoes relacionadas exclusivamente com o ato anestesico a que foram submetidos os pacientes estudados. Metodo - Atraves de um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, pesquisou-se a incidencia de complicacoes que ocorreram durante um determinado periodo de tempo, em uma populacao pediatrica de 30028 pacientes de 0 a 12 anos de idade. As fichas anestesicas destes pacientes foram analisadas, separando-se aquelas onde havia a descricao de complicacoes relacionadas com o ato anestesico. Estas complicacoes foram agrupadas como: complicacoes cardiovasculares, respiratorias, reacoes de hipersensibilidade e diversos, entendendo-se por diversos todas aquelas que nao se enquadrassem nos outros grupos. Foram calculadas as porcentagens simples das complicacoes, em relacao ao total de pacientes. Analisou-se, a parte, os casos de parada cardiorrespiratoria e hipertermia maligna. Resultados - As disritmias foram a complicacoes mais freqnentes (1,79 por cento). Embora com uma baixa incidencia de complicacoes graves, ocorreram 15 paradas cardiorrespiratorias, com seqnelas pos-ressuscitacao em um paciente, e obito num segundo. Dois casos de hipertermia maligna foram registrados, com um obito. A hipoxia foi um achado importante no desencadear daquelas complicacoes consideradas graves. Conclusoes - Conclui-se que anestesia em criancas envolve riscos, sendo previsivel a ocorrencia de acidentes resultantes de falhas, humanas ou nao. A taxa de mortalidade foi baixa, estando a hipoxia na genese de 40 por cento das complicacoes consideradas graves. Os resultados estao de acordo com aqueles apresentados por outros autores, nacionais e estrangeiros, em estudos semelhantes.