ABSTRACT
Plant community succession is generally approached with phytosociological methods, but field surveys are time-consuming, expensive, and limited to several of sites. Remote sensing offers an efficient and economical way to analyze vegetation on large extensions and in inaccessible areas. Most studies addressing remote sensing and tree community succession refer to forest physiognomies. We investigated whether structural changes that occur in non-forest physiognomies are identified by multispectral sensor images (OLI-Landsat). Thirteen 0.1-ha plots were set up in Caatinga fragments aging 10-15, 20-25, 30-35, 40-45 and >50 years to calculate the total density of individuals (TD), mean canopy height (H), total basal area (G) and total aboveground biomass (AGB). We performed correlation analyses between these structural descriptors and eight remote sensing variables (reflectance data and spectral indices) obtained from Landsat images at the end of the rainy season and during the dry season. Blue and short-wave infrared reflectances were negatively correlated with mean height, basal area and biomass, regardless of the analyzed scene (coefficients between -0.58 and -0.79). The litter layer (a non-photosynthetic vegetation component) and the soil exposure are important factors influencing the spectral data.
Subject(s)
Forests , Trees , Humans , BiomassABSTRACT
Depression is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders globally, causing severe emotional suffering, reducing life expectancy and increasing the risk of suicide. Recently, the use of dissociative psychedelic substances such as ketamine and esketamine for depressive disorders has expanded treatment options. We sought to analyze, through a systematic review, the existing protocols for the treatment of depression with ketamine and esketamine. The search adopted PRISMA criteria and was performed using PubMed and Web of Science databases. Procedures in each study were compared, focusing on the sample recruited, therapeutic approaches, including the clinical team and professionals engaged in treatment, medical procedures, description of the setting (including music) and factors such as specific medication (ketamine or esketamine), route of administration and dosage employed. Results indicated the predominance of a medical approach, with a limited number of studies on ketamine assisted psychotherapy (KAP) and other modalities of psychedelic assisted therapy. Additionally, there is limited information on psychosocial elements such as preparation, psychological support during session and integration of experience. Altogether these findings suggest that treatment of depression with ketamine or esketamine diverges in relation to the practices employed with psychedelic substances. This is discussed considering future research directions in the field.
