A new species of Anchoviella (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) from the western Amazon River in Peru, with comments on congeners in the Peruvian Amazon River.

Anchoviella hernanni sp. nov. is described from the upper Amazon River basin, in tributaries of the Marañon, Ucayali and Madre de Dios river drainages that drain the Peruvian Andes. The new taxon can be distinguished from all congeners except Anchoviella jamesi, Anchoviella manamensis and Anchoviella perezi, by having 12-15 gill rakers in the lower branch of the first gill arch (v·16-35) and from those species by the distance between verticals through the posterior margin of the orbit to the posterior margin of the upper jaw 9·5-14·8% head length; LH (v. up to 6·0% LH ). An updated identification key of all freshwater species of Anchoviella and morphological comparisons between all species of the genus occurring in Peru are provided.

Centralisation for resection of the pancreatic head: A comparison of operative factors and early outcomes during the evolving unit and tertiary unit phases at a UK institution.

AIMS: To assess impact of centralisation on patients undergoing pancreatic head resections at a tertiary hepatobiliary (HPB) centre in the UK. METHODS: Data were analysed from a prospectively maintained database from 1998 to 2014 on all patients undergoing pancreatic head resections. Two specific time periods were defined; these were the evolving unit phase (EU) from 1998 to 2009 and finally the established tertiary unit phase (TU) from 2010 to 2014. Peri-operative factors and post-operative outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: 395 resections were undertaken during the study period. Following establishment of our tertiary HPB unit, the volume of resections undertaken increased greater than three-fold with an associated increase in case-complexity (p = 0.004). Operating time was found to increase in the TU phase compared with EU phase (p=>0.0005) whilst there was no significant difference in the rate of peri-operative transfusion, or in post-operative morbidity rates. There was a significant reduction in the post-operative length of stay in the TU phase (p = 0.003) with a significantly higher proportion of patients being discharged within 9 days of their procedure (p=<0.0005). There was also a significant reduction in 30-day post-operative mortality in the TU phase (0.5%) compared with the EU phase (3%) (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Data from our series of 395 cases suggests that centralisation of pancreatic cancer services to a tertiary centre does result in improved patient outcomes. The benefits of a multi-disciplinary and specialist HPB service results in a high volume, high quality unit with improved patient outcomes.

Seroprevalence of antibodies against bacterial pathogens in sheep from Equatorial Guinea.

Equatorial Guinea (EG) is a country in Central Africa with typical tropical weather. Sheep are an important source of food in EG, but the absence of information regarding infectious diseases that affect the native flocks of small ruminants is a concern. The country is currently implementing several new practices in the sheep industry associated with the importation of sheep from other countries. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of bacterial infections that are important to the sheep industry in EG sheep flocks. The detection of specific antibodies for the four agents studied was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 1,002 serum samples from EG sheep. The results showed a true prevalence of 13.37% for antibodies against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, 0.59% for Brucella ovis, 19.89% for Chlamydophila abortus and 0.79% for Mycoplasma agalactiae in animals from production flocks. Among a group of 35 samples from isolated native animals, 47.56% were seropositive for antibodies against C. pseudotuberculosis, 42.84% for B. ovis, 54.28% for C. abortus and 11.35% for M. agalactiae. These results comprise the first report of the prevalence of infectious diseases in sheep in EG. They highlight the importance of adopting adequate measures to prevent infection by bacteria endemic to EG native flocks during the development of the sheep industry in the country.

La Guinée équatoriale est un pays d'Afrique centrale au climat typiquement tropical. Les moutons constituent une source importante d'aliments pour le pays, ce qui rend particulièrement alarmante l'absence d'informations concernant les maladies infectieuses affectant le cheptel autochtone de petits ruminants. Le pays met actuellement en place de nouvelles pratiques d'élevage ovin, en lien avec l'importation de moutons d'autres pays. La présente étude avait pour objet d'évaluer la prévalence sérologique de quelques infections bactériennes majeures pour le secteur de l'élevage dans le cheptel ovin de la Guinée équatoriale. Pour les besoins de l'étude, 1 002 échantillons de sérum prélevés de moutons autochtones ont été soumis à une épreuve immuno-enzymatique pour la détection d'anticorps spécifiques dirigés contre quatre agents bactériens. La prévalence réelle de moutons issus de troupeaux d'élevage possédant des anticorps vis-à-vis de chacune des bactéries recherchées s'est élevée à 13,37 % pour Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, à 0,59 % pour Brucella ovis, à 19,89 % pour Chlamydophila abortus et à 0,79 % pour Mycoplasma agalactiae. Dans un groupe de 35 prélèvements issus d'animaux isolés autochtones, le taux d'échantillons positifs était de 47,56 % pour C. pseudotuberculosis, de 42,84 % pour B. ovis, de 54,28 % pour C. abortus et de 11,35 % pour M. agalactiae. Ces résultats constituent le premier rapport sur la prévalence des maladies infectieuses chez le mouton en Guinée équatoriale. Ils soulignent l'importance d'adopter des mesures appropriées afin de prévenir les infections dues à des bactéries endémiques dans le cheptel autochtone de la Guinée équatoriale, à un moment où ce pays cherche à développer l'élevage ovin.

Guinea Ecuatorial es un país centroafricano con un clima tropical típico, en el que las ovejas constituyen una importante fuente de alimento. Por ello es preocupante la ausencia de información sobre las enfermedades infecciosas que afectan a los rebaños autóctonos de pequeños rumiantes. El país está implantando ahora una serie de nuevos procedimientos en el sector ovino, vinculados a la importación de ovejas de otros países. Los autores describen un estudio encaminado a evaluar la seroprevalencia en los rebaños de ovejas del país de infecciones bacterianas de importancia para el sector. Para detectar anticuerpos específicos contra los cuatro agentes estudiados se aplicó la técnica del ensayo inmunoenzimático a 1 002 muestras de suero de ovejas autóctonas. Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto una prevalencia real de anticuerpos contra Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis del 13,37%, del 0,59% contra Brucella ovis, del 19,89% contra Chlamydophila abortus y del 0,79% contra Mycoplasma agalactiae en ejemplares pertenecientes a rebaños productivos. De un grupo de 35 muestras procedentes de animales autóctonos aislados, un 47,56% resultaron seropositivas para los anticuerpos contra C. pseudotuberculosis, un 42,84% en el caso de B. ovis, un 54,28% en el de C. abortus y un 11,35% en el de M. agalactiae. Estos resultados, que constituyen el primer informe sobre la prevalencia de enfermedades infecciosas en las ovejas de Guinea Ecuatorial, demuestran la importancia de instituir medidas adecuadas para prevenir la infección por bacterias endémicas de los rebaños autóctonos de Guinea Ecuatorial en un momento en que la industria ovina del país está en pleno crecimiento.

Redescription of Hysteronotus megalostomus (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae), a poorly known characid from tributaries of the Rio São Fancisco, Brazil with comments on the conservation of the species.

Originally described from the upper Rio das Velhas, a tributary of the Rio São Francisco, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, Hysteronotus megalostomus was recently collected in many tributaries of the Rio São Francisco north of the type locality. The specimens of the population samples collected outside the type locality share the morphological features present in the type material except for the presence of an adipose fin found only in two specimens within the more recently collected material. Presence or absence of the adipose fin has been extensively used by fish taxonomists to characterize different species and even genera, but in H. megalostomus the character is not consistent, indicating its use alone is not diagnostic. The species is redescribed and its phylogenetic relationships and conservation status are briefly discussed.

Radiosensitisation of human colorectal cancer cells by ruthenium(II) arene anticancer complexes.

Some of the largest improvements in clinical outcomes for patients with solid cancers observed over the past 3 decades have been from concurrent treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). The lethal effects of RT on cancer cells arise primarily from damage to DNA. Ruthenium (Ru) is a transition metal of the platinum group, with potentially less toxicity than platinum drugs. We postulated that ruthenium-arene complexes are radiosensitisers when used in combination with RT. We screened 14 ruthenium-arene complexes and identified AH54 and AH63 as supra-additive radiosensitisers by clonogenic survival assays and isobologram analyses. Both complexes displayed facial chirality. At clinically relevant doses of RT, radiosensitisation of cancer cells by AH54 and AH63 was p53-dependent. Radiation enhancement ratios for 5-10 micromolar drug concentrations ranged from 1.19 to 1.82. In p53-wildtype cells, both drugs induced significant G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Colorectal cancer cells deficient in DNA damage repair proteins, EME1 and MUS81, were significantly more sensitive to both agents. Both drugs were active in cancer cell lines displaying acquired resistance to oxaliplatin or cisplatin. Our findings broaden the potential scope for these drugs for use in cancer therapy, including combination with radiotherapy to treat colorectal cancer.

Acute afferent loop syndrome in the early postoperative period following pancreaticoduodenectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Afferent loop syndrome (ALS) is a recognised complication of foregut surgery caused by mechanical obstruction at the gastrojejunostomy anastomosis itself or at a point nearby. Acute ALS has only been reported following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) after several years due to recurrence of malignancy at the anastomotic site. We report five cases of acute ALS in the first postoperative week. METHODS: The presentation, clinical findings and successful management of the 5 patients with ALS were obtained from a prospectively collected database of 300 PDs. All five patients with early acute ALS presented with signs and symptoms of a bile leak. Since the fifth patient, the surgical technique has been modified with the creation of a larger window in the transverse mesocolon and a Braun enteroenterostomy. RESULTS: There have been no further incidents of ALS since the adoption of these modifications to the standard technique of PD and there has also been a reduction in postoperative bile leaks (6.4% vs 3.6%, p=0.416). CONCLUSIONS: Acute ALS is a rare but important complication in the immediate postoperative period following PD and causes disruption to adjacent anastomoses, resulting in a bile leak. A prophylactic Braun anastomosis and wide mesocolic window may prevent this complication and subsequent deterioration.

The two-port laparoscopic retroperitoneal approach for minimal access pancreatic necrosectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Despite advances in surgery and critical care, severe pancreatitis continues to be associated with a high rate of mortality, which is increased significantly in the presence of infected pancreatic necrosis. Controversy persists around the optimal treatment for such cases, with specialist units variously advocating open necrosectomy, simple percutaneous drainage or one of several minimal access approaches. We describe our technique and outcomes with a two-port laparoscopic retroperitoneal necrosectomy (2P-LRN). METHODS: Thirteen consecutive patients with proven infected pancreatic necrosis were treated by 2P-LRN over a three-year period in the setting of a specialist hepatopancreatobiliary unit. The median patient age was 46 years (range: 28-87 years) and 10 of the patients were male. RESULTS: The median number of procedures required to clear the necrosis was 2 (range: 1-5), with a median time to discharge following the procedure of 44 days (range: 10-135 days). There was no 90-day mortality and the morbidity rate was 38%, consisting of pancreatic fistula (31%) and bleeding (23%). CONCLUSIONS: Two-port laparoscopic retroperitoneal necrosectomy has been demonstrated to confer similar or better outcomes to other techniques for necrosectomy. It carries the additional advantages of better visualisation, leading to fewer procedures and the opportunity to deploy simple laparoscopic instruments such as diathermy or haemostatic clips.

A new species of Rhinopetitia Géry 1964 (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) from the Rio Teles Pires, Rio Tapajós basin, Brazil.

A new species of Rhinopetitia is described from the Rio Teles Pires, a major tributary of the Rio Tapajós. The new taxon is distinguished from its only congener, Rhinopetitia myersi, by having all premaxillary teeth in both rows with seven to nine cusps, maxillary teeth with seven or eight cusps, a distinct dark midlateral stripe on the body and a round humeral blotch (v. outer series of premaxillary teeth with three cusps and inner series of premaxillary teeth with three to five cusps, maxillary teeth with three to five cusps, the absence of a dark midlateral stripe and humeral blotch). Putative characters suggesting a close relationship between Rhinopetitia, Bryconacidnus, Ceratobranchia, Monotocheirodon, Odontostoechus, Othonocheirodus and Rhinobrycon are presented. This putative clade is included in the Stevardiinae, a monophyletic group within the Characidae.

Positive correlation between serum immunoreactivity to Demodex-associated Bacillus proteins and erythematotelangiectatic rosacea.

BACKGROUND: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the skin of the face and the eyes. Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea is characterized by flushing, oedema and telangiectasia. Patients with rosacea demonstrate elevated densities of Demodex mites in their skin compared with controls. A bacterium (Bacillus oleronius) isolated from Demodex mites from a patient with papulopustular rosacea has been demonstrated to produce antigenic proteins that may play a role in papulopustular and ocular rosacea. OBJECTIVES: To establish whether there was a correlation between the reactivity of sera from patients with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea to Bacillus antigens, and to characterize the proteins to which these patients showed reactivity. METHODS: Serum samples from patients with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea and controls were examined for reactivity to Bacillus proteins by Western blot analysis. Proteins to which the sera reacted were excised from gels, trypsin digested, and putative identities were assigned following liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. RESULTS: Eighty per cent (21/26) of patients with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea showed serum reactivity to the 62- and 83-kDa proteins of B. oleronius, compared with 40% (9/22) of controls (P = 0·004). The 62-kDa protein was characterized by LC-MS and showed homology to groEL chaperonin, which provokes a strong immune response in mammals. The 83-kDa protein showed homology to aconitate hydratase, of which expression is increased in bacteria under oxidative stress, and which is highly immunogenic. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea show serum reactivity to two proteins from B. oleronius, suggesting that this bacterium may play a role in the induction of this condition. The two proteins to which patient sera reacted were found to be similar to a heat shock protein and an enzyme involved in regulating the stress response of the bacterium.

The influence of immigrant status and concentration on psychiatric disorder in Canada: a multi-level analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have reported an increased incidence of psychiatric disorder (particularly psychotic disorders) among first generation adult immigrants, along with an increasing risk for ethnic minorities living in low-minority concentration neighborhoods. These studies have depended mostly on European case-based databases. In contrast, North American studies have suggested a lower risk for psychiatric disorder in immigrants, although the effect of neighborhood immigrant concentration has not been studied extensively. METHOD: Using multi-level modeling to disaggregate individual from area-level influences, this study examines the influence of first generation immigrant status at the individual level, immigrant concentration at the neighborhood-level and their combined effect on 12-month prevalence of mood, anxiety and substance-dependence disorders and lifetime prevalence of psychotic disorder, among Canadians. RESULTS: Individual-level data came from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 1.2, a cross-sectional study of psychiatric disorder among Canadians over the age of 15 years; the sample for analysis was n=35,708. The CCHS data were linked with neighborhood-level data from the Canadian Census 2001 for multi-level logistic regression. Immigrant status was associated with a lower prevalence of psychiatric disorder, with an added protective effect for immigrants living in neighborhoods with higher immigrant concentrations. Immigrant concentration was not associated with elevated prevalence of psychiatric disorder among non-immigrants. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of lower 12-month prevalence of psychiatric disorder in Canadian immigrants, with further lessening as the neighborhood immigrant concentration increases, reflects a model of person-environment fit, highlighting the importance of studying individual risk factors within environmental contexts.

Sarcoma de Kaposi em doente com leucemia mielomonocítica crónica / Kaposi’s sarcoma arising in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia

Apresenta-se o caso de um doente com leucemia mielomonocítica crónica diagnosticada há cerca de 2 anos, actualmente medicado com hidroxiureiae eritropoietina, enviado a nossa consulta por máculas, pápulas e placas de cor vinosa localizadas aos membros inferiores. Algumas das lesões eramhiperqueratóticas. O diagnóstico de sarcoma de Kaposi foi histologicamente confirmado. O estudo analítico não detectou qualquer imunodeficiência associada. A morte do doente impediu a instituição de qualquer tratamento (AU)

A 84 year-old man from north Portugal with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (diagnosed 2 years ago), under treatment with erythropoiet in and hydroxyurea and Kaposi´s sarcoma is reported. The patient was referred to our department with brown macules, papules and patches with a smooth surface and whitish scale, located to the lower limbs that had appeared 2 month ago. The diagnosis of Kaposi’s sarcoma was histologically confirmed. He was HIV-1/HIV-2 negative and had no analytic detectable immussupression. The patient died short time after the diagnosis without specif any treatment (AU)

A multi-site Canadian perspective: examining the functional outcome from first-episode psychosis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors contributing to variance in functional outcome in first-episode psychosis (FEP) following 1 year of treatment. METHOD: Naturalistic 1-year follow-up of a FEP cohort (n = 200), from programs in four university centers in Ontario, Canada. Functional recovery was defined by 'Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale' (SOFAS) score>60. Regression analysis examined the contribution of independent variables to variance in functional outcome. RESULTS: Twelve-month outcome measures were available for 76.5% of the original cohort. Of these, 70% reported being in school/work and in satisfactory relationships. The functional recovery rate was 51%, compared to 74% attaining symptomatic remission. The greatest contributors to variance in outcome were ongoing symptoms at 6 months and substance abuse comorbidity. CONCLUSION: After 1 year of treatment, FEP patients show high rates of symptomatic remission and relatively lower rates of functional recovery. Symptoms and substance abuse contribute to variance in outcome.

Linear IgA dermatosis induced by captopril / Dermatosis IgA lineal

Linear IgA dermatosis is an auto-immune bullous disease characterized by linear IgA deposition in the basement membrane. Most cases are idiopathicbut some are drug-related. These lack mucosal involvement, have spontaneous remission and IgA deposition clearance at the basement membraneafter drug cessation.A 89 year-old patient presenting with symmetric, itchy, tense and translucent bullous lesions located on the upper limbs and abdomen with 2 weeksevolution is reported.The patient had started captopril regimen two months before.The diagnosis was histologically confirmed. The patient started prednisolone and changed the hypertension medication from captopril to amlodipine.After 4 weeks an almost complete resolution of the lesions was observed. Prednisolone was slowly tapered and there have been no relapses for almost2 years.Skin autoimmune diseases are almost always idiopathic. However some cases can be induced or aggravated by exogenous factors including drugs,trauma, infections, vaccinations, radiographs and UV radiation[1]. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD), a rare, acquired, autoimmune, heterogeneoussubepidermal blistering disorder, is no exception[2]. Patients may present with combinations of annular or grouped papules, vesicles, and bullae.Typically, these lesions are distributed symmetrically on extensor surfaces including elbows, knees, and buttocks[2] (AU)

La dermatosis IgA lineal es una enfermedad ampollosa autoinmune caracterizada por la presencia de depósitos IgA lineales en la membrana basal dela epidermis. Muchos casos son idiopáticos sin embargo otros están relacionados con fármacos, no afecta a las mucosas. Así se ha visto que al dejardichos fármacos se produce una remisión espontánea de los depósitos de la membrana basal.Hemos tenido ocasión de estudiar un varón de 89 años que presentaba lesiones ampollosas traslúcidas y tensas, pruriginosas, y de distribución simétrica,en extremidades superiores y abdomen. Pocos meses antes había comenzado tratamiento con captopril.El estudio histológico confirmó el diagnóstico y fue tratado con prednisona sustituyendo el captopril por amlodipina. Cuatro semanas mas tarde seobservó una remisión prácticamente completa de sus lesiones. La prednisolona fue retirada de forma paulatina y no ha presentado recidivas despuésde dos años (AU)

A systematic review of longitudinal outcome studies of first-episode psychosis.

BACKGROUND: Existing outcome literature has had an over-representation of chronic patients and suggested a progressive course and poor outcome for schizophrenia. The current study aimed to recombine data of samples from longitudinal studies of first-episode psychosis (FEP) to describe outcome and its predictors. METHOD: A literature search (1966-2003) was conducted for prospective studies examining outcome in first-episode non-affective psychosis using the following key words: early, first, incident, episode, admission, contact, psychosis, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, course, outcome, follow-up, longitudinal, cohort. These were pooled and analyzed using descriptive and regression analyses. RESULTS: Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria, representing 4100 patients with a mean follow-up of 35.1+/-6.0 months. Studies varied in the categories of outcome used, the most common being 'good' (54% of studies) and 'poor' (34% of studies), variably defined. In studies reporting these categories, good outcomes were reported in 42.2% (3.5%) and poor outcomes in 27.1% (2.8%) of cases. Predictors associated with better outcome domains were: combination of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial therapy, lack of epidemiologic representativeness of the sample, and a developing country of origin. Use of typical neuroleptics was associated with worse outcome. Stratification analyses suggested that populations with schizophrenia only, and those with prospective design, were associated with worse outcome domains. CONCLUSIONS: Outcome from FEP may be more favorable than previously reported, and treatment and methodological variables may be important contributors to outcome. Significant heterogeneity in definitions and methodology limited the comparison and pooling of data. A multi-dimensional, globally used definition of outcome is required for future research.

A randomized study of early nasogastric versus nasojejunal feeding in severe acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: After 50 yr in which nasoenteric feeding was considered contraindicated in acute pancreatitis (AP), several clinical studies have shown that early nasojejunal (NJ) feeding can be achieved in most patients. A pilot study of early nasogastric (NG) feeding in patients with objectively graded severe AP proved that this approach was also feasible. A randomized study comparing NG versus NJ feeding has been performed. METHODS: A total of 50 consecutive patients with objectively graded severe AP were randomized to receive either NG or NJ feeding via a fine bore feeding tube. The end points were markers of the acute phase response APACHE II scores and C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements, and pain patterns by visual analogue score (VAS) and analgesic requirements. Complications were monitored and comparisons made of both total hospital and intensive-care stays. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients were randomized to NG feeding and 23 to NJ. One of those in the NJ group had a false diagnosis, thereby reducing the number to 22. Demographics were similar between the groups and no significant differences were found between the groups in APACHE II score, CRP measurement, VAS, or analgesic requirement. Clinical differences between the two groups were not significant. Overall mortality was 24.5% with five deaths in the NG group and seven in the NJ group. CONCLUSIONS: The simpler, cheaper, and more easily used NG feeding is as good as NJ feeding in patients with objectively graded severe AP. This appears to be a useful and practical therapeutic approach to enteral feeding in the early management of patients with severe AP.

Can MTR be used to assess cartilage in the presence of Gd-DTPA2-?

Magnetization transfer (MT) and T(1) and T(2) relaxation of normal, trypsinized, and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-treated cartilage were measured in the absence and presence of Gd-DTPA(2-). Without the addition of Gd-DTPA(2-), neither T(1) nor T(2) showed any significant change with cartilage damage. However, with Gd-DTPA(2-), trypsinized cartilage exhibited substantially shorter T(1) than normal cartilage, as expected due to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) loss in these samples, and associated increased Gd-DTPA(2-) concentration. The T(2) results were similar, but less dramatic. The MT pseudo first-order exchange rate, RM(0B), did not depend on the contrast agent concentration, as expected, and was significantly faster for trypsinized and slower for IL-1beta-treated cartilage. In both cases, the MT fraction of the macromolecular pool M(0B) decreased while only trypsinized cartilage showed an increase in MT exchange rate R. The MT ratio (MTR) decreased with increasing Gd-DTPA(2-) concentration. However, interpretation of the MTR results in the presence of Gd-DTPA(2-) was complicated due to competing effects of increased longitudinal relaxivity and MT exchange. Therefore, in a cartilage sample with an unknown degree of GAG depletion and some collagen damage, a full MT analysis might be used to probe the molecular state of cartilage, but it would not be possible to use a simple MTR measurement after the administration of Gd-DTPA(2-) to differentially determine the amount of cartilage degradation in the sample.

Morphology and anatomy of leaf mine in Richterago riparia Roque (Asteraceae) in the campos rupestres of Serra do Cipó, Brazil.

The leaf mine in Richterago riparia is caused by a lepidopteran larva (lepidopteronome). The leaves of R. riparia show campdodrome venation; the epidermis is unistratified, with stomata and glandular trichomes in adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The mesophyll is bilateral and the vascular system is collateral. During the formation of the mine, the larva consumes the chlorenchyma of the mesophyll and the smaller vascular bundles (veins of third and fourth orders). Structural alterations in the tissues of the host plant were not observed, except for the formation of a wound meristem and the presence of cells with phenolic substances next to the mine. Three cephalic exuviae of the miner were found in the mesophyll. This lepidopteronome is parenchymatic and the epidermis remains intact, but forms a protective layer for the mining insect.

Morphology and anatomy of leaf mine in Richterago riparia Roque (Asteraceae) in the campos rupestres of Serra do Cipó, Brazil

The leaf mine in Richterago riparia is caused by a lepidopteran larva (lepidopteronome). The leaves of R. riparia show campdodrome venation; the epidermis is unistratified, with stomata and glandular trichomes in adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The mesophyll is bilateral and the vascular system is collateral. During the formation of the mine, the larva consumes the chlorenchyma of the mesophyll and the smaller vascular bundles (veins of third and fourth orders). Structural alterations in the tissues of the host plant were not observed, except for the formation of a wound meristem and the presence of cells with phenolic substances next to the mine. Three cephalic exuviae of the miner were found in the mesophyll. This lepidopteronome is parenchymatic and the epidermis remains intact, but forms a protective layer for the mining insect.

A mina foliar de Richterago riparia é causada por uma larva de lepidóptera (lepidopteronoma). As folhas de R. riparia apresentam venação campdódroma; a epiderme é uniestratificada, com estômatos e tricomas glandulares nas superfícies adaxial e abaxial. O mesófilo é bilateral e o sistema vascular, colateral. A larva, durante a formação da mina, consome o clorênquima do mesófilo, bem como os tecidos vasculares de menor porte, por exemplo, as nervuras de terceira e quarta ordem. Não ocorreram alterações estruturais em relação ao tecido da planta hospedeira, exceto a formação do meristema de cicatrização e o aumento do teor de substâncias fenólicas nas células da mina. Constatou-se, ainda, a presença de três exúvias cefálicas do minador no mesófilo. Essa mina é do tipo parenquimática, na qual e a epiderme permanece intacta, protegendo o inseto minador do meio externo.