ABSTRACT
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been proposed as a low-cost and simple alternative to the use of higher vertebrates in laboratory research on novel compounds with antinociceptive potential. In this study, we tested adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an alternative behavioral model of formalin-induced nociception. We evaluated the nociceptive effect of 0.1% formalin (3 or 5 µL; intramuscularly [i.m.]), applied into the tail or lips, on locomotor activity, using as parameter the number of times the fish crossed the lines between the quadrants of a glass Petri dish during the neurogenic stage (0-5 min) and the inflammatory stage (15-30 min). The behavioral model was validated by testing the antinociceptive effect of morphine and indomethacin (standard analgesic drugs used in the formalin test of rodents). We also tested whether the effect of morphine could be modulated by naloxone, an opioid antagonist. The effect of morphine and indomethacin on zebrafish locomotor behavior was evaluated with the open field test. The white/black test was used to rule out the anxiolytic effect of 0.1% formalin injected into the tail on adult zebrafish. Formalin (0.1%; 3 and 5 µL injected into the tail) increased significantly the nociceptive behavior of the adult zebrafish in both stages (p < 0.001 vs. control). Morphine and indomethacin (both 0.2 mg/mL; 20 µL; intraperitoneally [i.p.]) significantly inhibited nociception induced with formalin (5 µL injected i.m. into the tail) in both stages (p < 0.001). Naloxone blocked the antinociceptive effect of morphine. No influence on locomotion was observed. Locally administered formalin (injected into the tail) induced nociception, but not anxiety. The results suggest that the adult zebrafish behavioral model is a feasible alternative to more conventional laboratory models used in research on novel compounds with antinociceptive potential.
Subject(s)
Formaldehyde/toxicity , Indomethacin/administration & dosage , Morphine/administration & dosage , Zebrafish/physiology , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Behavior, Animal , Disease Models, Animal , Locomotion , Nociception/drug effectsABSTRACT
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by abrupt transient loss of anterograde memory, lasting up to 24 hours, and no other focal neurological signs. We report the case of a right-handed 71-year-old female patient who presented temporal-spatial disorientation 5 minutes after ingestion of 1000 ml of iodinated contrast. The patient had mild temporal-spatial disorientation, with significant deficit in anterograde memory. After 12 hours under observation, the patient progressed to gradual improvement and was discharged. A reevaluation after 15 days showed normal cortical functions, score on mini-mental state exam of 30, and unaffected working and recall memory. MRI performed 48 hours after the event showed hypersignal in the diffusion sequence in the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus, with hypointense signal in MAP/ ADC, confirming a finding consistent with TGA. No previous reports in the literature have described the location affected in this patient, rendering it a novel site consistent with this diagnosis.
Amnésia global transitória (TGA) é caracterizada por perda transitória abrupta de memória anterógrada, com duração de até 24 horas e sem outros sinais neurológicos focais. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 71 anos de idade, destra, que apresentou desorientação temporal e espacial depois de 5 minutos após a ingestão de 1.000 ml de contraste iodado. A paciente teve desorientação temporoespacial moderada, com déficit significativo de memória anterógrada. Depois de permanecer 12 horas sob observação, progrediu para melhoria gradual e recebeu alta. A nova avaliação após 15 dias mostrou funções corticais normais, com mini-exame mental de 30, com memória executiva e de evocação preservadas. A ressonância magnética realizada 48 horas após o evento mostrou hipersinal na sequência difusão na porção anterior do giro do cíngulo, com hipossinal em MAPA/ADC, confirmando achado compatível com TGA. Não há relato na literatura descrevendo alteração no mesmo local que esta paciente, tornando-se, portanto, um possível novo local compatível com diagnóstico de TGA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Amnesia, Transient Global , Gyrus CinguliABSTRACT
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by abrupt transient loss of anterograde memory, lasting up to 24 hours, and no other focal neurological signs. We report the case of a right-handed 71-year-old female patient who presented temporal-spatial disorientation 5 minutes after ingestion of 1000 ml of iodinated contrast. The patient had mild temporal-spatial disorientation, with significant deficit in anterograde memory. After 12 hours under observation, the patient progressed to gradual improvement and was discharged. A reevaluation after 15 days showed normal cortical functions, score on mini-mental state exam of 30, and unaffected working and recall memory. MRI performed 48 hours after the event showed hypersignal in the diffusion sequence in the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus, with hypointense signal in MAP/ADC, confirming a finding consistent with TGA. No previous reports in the literature have described the location affected in this patient, rendering it a novel site consistent with this diagnosis.
Amnésia global transitória (TGA) é caracterizada por perda transitória abrupta de memória anterógrada, com duração de até 24 horas e sem outros sinais neurológicos focais. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 71 anos de idade, destra, que apresentou desorientação temporal e espacial depois de 5 minutos após a ingestão de 1.000 ml de contraste iodado. A paciente teve desorientação temporoespacial moderada, com déficit significativo de memória anterógrada. Depois de permanecer 12 horas sob observação, progrediu para melhoria gradual e recebeu alta. A nova avaliação após 15 dias mostrou funções corticais normais, com mini-exame mental de 30, com memória executiva e de evocação preservadas. A ressonância magnética realizada 48 horas após o evento mostrou hipersinal na sequência difusão na porção anterior do giro do cíngulo, com hipossinal em MAPA/ADC, confirmando achado compatível com TGA. Não há relato na literatura descrevendo alteração no mesmo local que esta paciente, tornando-se, portanto, um possível novo local compatível com diagnóstico de TGA.
ABSTRACT
Limbic encephalitis is a syndrome characterised by irritability, depression, sleeping disturbance, convulsion, hallucination and short-period memory loss that is commonly associated with a malignancy even if there is no evidence of it by the time of presentation. Most reported cases of limbic encephalitis as a paraneoplastic syndrome are associated with small-cell lung cancer and lymphoma. This article is a case report of a patient with limbic encephalitis associated with an oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The patient is a middle-aged man who presented apathy and unstable mood. After months, developed diplopia, reduced visual acuity and involuntary movements. Later, gait disability, disorientation, memory loss and aggressive behaviour were detected, associated with seizures. After investigation, limbic encephalitis was diagnosed and, as the patient developed dysphagia, oesophageal adenocarcinoma was detected. Oesophageal carcinoma usually does not have neurological symptoms associated.
