Juglanin inhibits lung cancer by regulation of apoptosis, ROS and autophagy induction.

Juglanin (Jug) is obtained from the crude extract of Polygonum aviculare, exerting suppressive activity against cancer cell progression in vitro and in vivo. Juglanin administration causes apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different types of cells through regulating various signaling pathways. In our study, the effects of juglanin on non-small cell lung cancer were investigated. A significant role of juglanin in suppressing lung cancer growth was observed. Juglanin promoted apoptosis in lung cancer cells through increasing Caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, which is regulated by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Death receptors (TRAIL/DRs) relied on p53 activation. Anti-apoptotic members Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl were reduced, and pro-apoptotic members Bax and Bad were enhanced in cells and animals receiving juglanin. Additionally, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation were inhibited by juglanin. Further, juglanin improved ROS and induced autophagy. ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) reversed apoptosis induced by juglanin in cancer cells. The formation of autophagic vacoules and LC3/autophagy gene7 (ATG7)/Beclin1 (ATG6) over-expression were observed in juglanin-treated cells. Also, juglanin administration to mouse xenograft models inhibited lung cancer progression. Our study demonstrated that juglanin could be a promising candidate against human lung cancer progression.

Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles combined with actein suppress non-small-cell lung cancer growth in a p53-dependent manner.

Actein (AT) is a triterpene glycoside isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida that has been investigated for its antitumor effects. AT treatment leads to apoptosis in various cell types, including breast cancer cells, by regulating different signaling pathways. Iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are nanomaterials with biocompatible activity and low toxicity. In the present study, the possible benefits of AT in combination with MNPs on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were explored in in vitro and in vivo studies. AT-MNP treatment contributed to apoptosis in NSCLC cells, as evidenced by activation of the caspase 3-signaling pathway, which was accompanied by downregulation of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl2 and BclXL, and upregulation of the proapoptotic signals Bax and Bad. The death receptors of TRAIL were also elevated following AT-MNP treatment in a p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, a mouse xenograft model in vivo revealed that AT-MNP treatment exhibited no toxicity and suppressed NSCLC growth compared to either AT or MNP monotherapies. In conclusion, this study suggests a novel therapy to induce apoptosis in suppressing NSCLC growth in a p53-dependent manner by combining AT with Fe3O4 MNPs.

Carnosic acid and fisetin combination therapy enhances inhibition of lung cancer through apoptosis induction.

Carnosic acid is a phenolic diterpene with anti-inflammation, anticancer, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, as well as neuroprotective properties, which is generated by many species from Lamiaceae family. Fisetin (3,3',4',7-tetrahydroxyflavone), a naturally flavonoid is abundantly produced in different vegetables and fruits. Fisetin has been reported to have various positive biological effects, including anti-proliferative, anticancer, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects. Lung cancer is reported as the most common neoplasm in human world-wide. In the present study, the possible benefits of carnosic acid combined with fisetin on lung cancer in vitro and in vivo was explored. Carnosic acid and fisetin combination led to apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Caspase-3 signaling pathway was promoted in carnosic acid and fisetin co-treatment, which was accompanied by anti-apoptotic proteins of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl decreasing and pro-apoptotic signals of Bax and Bad increasing. The death receptor (DR) of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) was enhanced in carnosic acid and fisetin combined treatment. Furthermore, the mouse xenograft model in vivo suggested that carnosic acid and fisetin combined treatment inhibited lung cancer growth in comparison to the carnosic acid or fisetin monotherapy. This study supplies a novel therapy to induce apoptosis to inhibit lung cancer through caspase-3 activation.

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence and mutations of the cardiac hypertrophy model inbred rat strain (Muridae; Rattus).

In the present work we undertook the complete mitochondrial genome sequencing of a important cardiac hypertrophy model inbred rat strain for the first time. The total length of the mitogenome was 16,308 bp. It harbored 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop region). The mutation events were also reported.

Iptakalim attenuates hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats by endothelial function protection.

The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of iptakalim, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channel opener, on the inflammation of the pulmonary artery and endothelial cell injury in a hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) rat model. Ninety-six Sprague-Dawley rats were placed into normobaric hypoxia chambers for four weeks and were treated with iptakalim (1.5 mg/kg/day) or saline for 28 days. The right ventricle systolic pressures (RVSP) were measured and small pulmonary arterial morphological alterations were analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to analyze the content of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-10. Immunohistochemical analysis for ED1(+) monocytes was performed to detect the inflammatory cells surrounding the pulmonary arterioles. Western blot analysis was performed to analyze the expression levels of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the lung tissue. Alterations in small pulmonary arteriole morphology and the ultrastructure of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells were observed via light and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Iptakalim significantly attenuated the increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure, RVSP, right ventricle to left ventricle plus septum ratio and small pulmonary artery wall remodeling in hypoxia-induced PAH rats. Iptakalim also prevented an increase in IL-1ß and a decrease in IL-10 in the peripheral blood and lung tissue, and alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration in hypoxia-induced PAH rats. Furthermore, iptakalim enhanced PECAM-1 and eNOS expression and prevented the endothelial cell injury induced by hypoxic stimuli. Iptakalim suppressed the pulmonary arteriole and systemic inflammatory responses and protected against the endothelial damage associated with the upregulation of PECAM-1 and eNOS, suggesting that iptakalim may represent a potential therapeutic agent for PAH.

Unloading the infarcted heart affect MMPs-TIMPs axis in a rat cardiac heterotopic transplantation model.

Ventricular assist devices may function as a bridge to recovery or heart transplantation, however, little is known about its mechanisms. This study examined the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) axis in the process of recovery after unloading in a rat ischemic-induce heart failure (HF) model. Myocardial infarction model was created with the coronary artery ligation. The infarcted rats hearts were unloaded by heterotopic cardiac transplantation (n=14). 2 weeks later, the function of normal and infarcted hearts with or without loading was evaluated by Langendorff perfusion model. The hearts were then harvested and prepared for the study of expression of MMPs and TIMPs. Developed pressure in the unloading group was higher than the loading group (P=0.0074). Unloading increased the ratio of TIMP-1-MMP-1(1.38±0.11 vs. 0.76±0.09, P<0.05), TIMP-2-MMP-2 (1.06±0.10 vs. 0.33±0.07, P<0.01), TIMP-3-MMP-9(1.07±0.08 vs. 0.59±0.06, P<0.05). Although MMP-1, 2, 9 were downregulated (P<0.01, 0.01, 0.05, respectively), TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 upregulated (P<0.01, 0.05, respectively), MMP-7 and TIMP-1 was not affected significantly. The infarcted cardiac function could be improved by unloading. It was attributed to downregulation of MMP-1, 2 and 9, and upregulation of TIMP-2 and -3, and furthermore, the ratio of TIMPs to MMPs was increased, which might be more sensitive than sole MMPs or TIMPs for the judgment of myocardial matrix homeostasis.

[Imbalanced T cell-specific transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 and relationship to airway inflammation in asthmatic rats].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the change of the mRNA and protein expression of T-bet and GATA-3 in lung tissues, and to investigate the association between the imbalanced T cell-specific transcription factors T-bet/GATA-3 and the airway inflammation in asthmatic rats. METHODS: Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group and an asthmatic group. Airway responsiveness was measured and the change of airway histology was observed. The concentrations of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA and protein expressions of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-gamma, T-bet and GATA-3 in the lungs were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot respectively. RESULTS: The expiration resistance after injection of acetylcholine chloride (20, 40, 80, 160 microg/ml) in the asthmatic group was (6.26 +/- 0.85), (11.55 +/- 3.09), (28.74 +/- 5.94), (3,710.83 +/- 197.49) cm H2O.ml(-1).s(-1) respectively; and that in the control group was (1.51 +/- 0.18), (2.15 +/- 0.36), (6.08 +/- 1.06), (37.17 +/- 6.12) cm H2O.ml(-1).s(-1) respectively; the difference being significant between the two groups (all P < 0.01). In the asthmatic group, the numbers of eosinophils and lymphocytes, the thicknesses of WA/Pi and ASM/Pi were (26.0 +/- 1.6)/mm(2), (45.2 +/- 3.2)/mm(2), 12.0 +/- 1.4, 6.7 +/- 0.6, respectively; and those of the control group were (2.9 +/- 1.2)/mm(2), (8.8 +/- 1.8)/mm(2), 6.4 +/- 0.8, 2.7 +/- 0.5, respectively; all were significantly different between the two groups (all P < 0.01). In the asthmatic group, the concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma in BALF were (23.4 +/- 0.7) pg/ml, (24.8 +/- 0.5) pg/ml, (21.7 +/- 1.1) pg/ml, respectively, and those of the control group were (9.3 +/- 0.3) pg/ml, (12.5 +/- 0.3) pg/ml, (65.8 +/- 2.1) pg/ml, respectively; all were significantly different between the two groups (all P < 0.01). In the control group, the mRNA ratio of T-bet to GATA-3 (0.73 +/- 0.32) was significantly increased compared with the asthmatic group (0.06 +/- 0.09, P < 0.01). There was also a significant difference in the ratio of protein expression of T-bet to GATA-3 between the control group (0.75 +/- 0.25) and the asthmatic group (0.09 +/- 0.04, P < 0.01). The ratio of protein expression of T-bet and GATA-3 was correlated negatively with expiration resistance (r = -0.959, -0.919, -0.949, all P < 0.01), the numbers of eosinophils and lymphocytes in lung tissues (r = -0.832, -0.831, all P < 0.01), the thicknesses of WA/Pi and ASM/Pi (r = -0.837, -0.863, all P < 0.01) and the concentrations of IL-4, IL-5 in BALF (r = 0.921, 0.920, all P < 0.01), the mRNA of IL-4, IL-5 in lung tissues (r = -0.964, -0.931, all P < 0.01), but positively with the concentrations of IFN-gamma in BALF and the mRNA of IFN-gamma in lung tissues (r = -0.934, 0.983, all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Imbalance of transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3, a reflection of the immune imbalance in asthma, may play a key role in the formation of airway inflammation in the disease.