ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to determine the metabolic changes and possible toxic mechanisms of ketamine-associated bladder toxicity. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated into a control group, a low-dose group and a high-dose group. The behavior of these rats was observed every day. In addition, the weight, 2 h urinary frequency and organ coefficient of the bladder were measured. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Urinary metabolites were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Animal Experiment Center of Southwest Medical University (No. 201901-98). After 12 weeks of administration, the frequency of 2 h urination and the bladder mass index were significantly different in the low-dose and high-dose groups compared with the control group. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Bladder HE staining showed that long-term administration of ketamine could induce cystitis. The concentrations of the three common differential metabolites, including 3-aminoisobutyric acid, citric acid and uric acid in the low-dose and the high-dose groups were increased compared with those in the control group. This study indicates that 3-aminoisobutyric acid, citric acid and uric acid and their related metabolic pathways may be closely related to ketamine-associated bladder toxicity.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess efficacy and safety of simeprevir-based therapy for the treatment of hepatitis C virus genotype 1. METHODS: We searched Pubmed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, highwire, CBM, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP Database and literature from some relative paper based magazines also be retrieved. Randomised controlled trials(RCTs)of examining simeprevir plus ribavirin(RBV) and pegylated-interferon(peg-IFN) among adults with chronic HCV infection were included.Select the RCTs according to the inclusion criterion, then appraise them critiically by Cochrane handbook. All outcomes were pooled by the RevMan5.2 software of Cochrane Collaboration. Data were extracted on virological responses including sustained virological response at post-treatment week 12(SVR12), SVR24, serious adverse event(SAE),treat-ment discontinuation due to an adverse event(TDAE). RESULTS: Eight RCTs were finally included involving 2 758 patients who were treated with simeprevir, RBV and peg-IFN. The RESULTS of Meta-analysis showed that SVR12 rates was[OR=3.92,95%CI(2.86,5.39), P<0.000 01], SVR24 rates was[12 week:OR=3.79,95%CI(2.86,5.01), P<0.000 01], [24 week:OR=4.12,95%CI(2.69,6.30), P<0.000 01], SAE rates was[12 week:OR=0.67,95%CI(0.47,0.95),P=0.02], TDAE rates was[12 week:OR=0.85, 95%CI(0.54, 1.33), P=0.48],[24 week:OR=0.82,95%CI(0.42,1.60), P=0.55]. CONCLUSION: Evidence shows that, simeprevir-based treatment(simeprevir plus ribavirin and pegylated-interferon)for treating genotype 1 chronic HCV infection is better than PR treatment in SVR12 rates,SVR24 rates and SAE rates(course of treatment is 12 weeks). However, they are alike in TDAE rates.
ABSTRACT
The development of Electronic Health Records (EHR) is a necessary trend of global digitization.The paper introduces the building of EHR and relevant national policies,states the construction practice of EHR in Deyang,Shanghai,Beijing,Guangzhou,Nanchang,etc.,outlooks further development,and provides helpful references for the construction of EHR of other province and city.
