Two metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitors are implicated in tomato fruit development and regulated by the Inner No Outer transcription factor.

The TCMP-1 and TCMP-2 genes of tomato code for metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitors and show sequential, tightly regulated expression patterns during flower and fruit development. In particular, TCMP-1 is highly expressed in flower buds before anthesis, while TCMP-2 in ripe fruits. Their expression pattern suggests that they might play a role in fruit development. Here, to investigate their function, we altered their endogenous levels by generating transgenic plants harbouring a chimeric gene expressing the TCMP-1 coding sequence under the control of the TCMP-2 promoter. The expression of the transgene caused an earlier fruit setting with no visible phenotypic effects on plant and fruit growth. The altered TCMP-1 regulation determines an increased level of TCMP-1 in the fruit and unexpected changes in the levels of both TCMPs in flower buds before anthesis, suggesting a mechanism of transcriptional cross-regulation. We in silico analysed TCMPs promoter regions for the presence of common cis acting elements related to ovary/fruit development and we found that both promoters contain putative binding sites for INNER NO OUTER (INO), a transcription factor implicated in ovule development. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, we proved that INO binds to TCMP-1 and TCMP-2 promoters, thereby representing a candidate regulatory factor for coordinated control of TCMPs.

Insights in the Fruit Flesh Browning Mechanisms in Solanum melongena Genetic Lines with Opposite Postcut Behavior.

Color, taste, flavor, nutritional value, and shelf life are important factors determining quality and healthiness of food and vegetables. These factors are strongly affected by browning processes, occurring after fruit or vegetable cutting. Characterization of ten eggplant genotypes for chlorogenic acid (CGA) content, total phenols (TP), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity, and browning tendency corroborated a lack of significant correlations between biochemical factors and fruit flesh browning. Further in-depth molecular and biochemical analyses of two divergent eggplant genetic lines, AM199 (high browning) and AM086 (low browning), within 30 min from cutting, highlighted differences in the physiological mechanisms underlying the browning process. qRT-PCR analysis revealed distinct activation mechanisms of CGA biosynthetic and PPO genes in the two genetic lines. Metabolic data on CGA, sugars, and ascorbic acid contents confirmed that their different browning tendency matched with different metabolic responses to cutting. Our findings suggest that the complex mechanism of flesh browning in the two eggplant genetic lines might be mediated by multiple specific factors.

High prevalence of HFE gene mutations in hemodialysis patients.

AIM: Hemochromatosis (HH) was a common inherited disease characterized by iron overload. This disease is usually the result of mutations in the HLA-linked hemochromatosis gene (HFE). The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of HFE mutations in a group of Venetian hemodialysis patients. METHODS: Sixty-one hemodialysis patients, 62 patients with laboratory findings suggestive for iron overload, 57 repeat blood donors were enrolled in the study. HFE mutations were detected by using a commercial strip assay. RESULTS: In this study only H63D and C282Y mutations were observed. The overall prevalence of HFE mutations was 40.9% among hemodialysis patients, 30.6% among patients with laboratory findings of iron overload and 15.8% among blood donors. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of HFE mutation among hemodialysis patients was observed. Prevalence of HFE mutation in this group was 40.9%, significantly higher than results observed among blood donors (15.8%, P<0.005) or among patients with laboratory signs of iron overload (30.6%, P<0.01). These data are, at present inexplicable, and this results need further confirmation.

[Cystic lymphangioma of the abdominal wall in childhood: case report]. / Linfangioma cistico della parete addominale in età pediatrica. Caso clinico.

Intra-abdominal lymphangiomas are rare benign tumours that can cause various symptoms, mainly during childhood. They are diagnosed by ultrasonography, CT scanning or at laparotomy; ultrasonographic examination often shows a voluminous tumoral cystic formation with septa. The location of the cyst may be determined either by ultrasonography alone or by CT scanning. The definitive histological diagnosis is confirmed by immunohistochemical staining techniques. Rarely intra-abdominal lymphangiomas can occur in the abdominal wall. Complete resection is the treatment of choice. The case of a 2-year-old-boy with a large lymphangioma involving the lower half of the abdominal wall is reported. The patient underwent the complete removal of lymphangioma with good cosmetic result.

Oxidative stress and nitric oxide system in post-transplant hypertension.

BACKGROUND: CsA-induced endothelial dysfunction and CsA-induced hypertension have been attributed to CsA effects on the endothelial-derived factors controlling vasomotor tone, but the mechanisms responsible are unclear. Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is known to maintain a state of basal vasodilation and recently a NO mediated counterregulatory mechanism protective from CsA-induced vasoconstriction has been suggested. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our study evaluates ecNOS gene status and NO metabolites in kidney transplanted patients under chronic CsA treatment with CsA-induced hypertension. Since CsA increases superoxide production, which metabolizes NO, plasma hydroperoxides and peroxynitrite were also evaluated as index of the presence of "oxidative stress". RESULTS: Quantification of monocyte ecNOS mRNA and NO metabolites plasma level from patients and control subjects (C) demonstrated NO system up regulation in patients notwithstanding hypertension. The mean ecNOS to beta-actin ratio was 2.00 +/- 0.87 vs 0.29 +/- 0.08 in C, p < 0.04. NO metabolite plasma level was 30.03 +/- 9.62 mM vs 9.37 +/- 3.86, p < 0.001. Hydroperoxides were also increased in patients: 3.6 +/- 1.6 i.a.u. vs 1.4 +/- 0.8, p < 0.007 (from cholesterol esters) and 10.8 +/- 6.6 vs 1.5 +/- 0.9, p < 0.008 (from triglycerides) as well as peroxynitrite plasma level: 0.36+/- 0.14 mM/L vs undetectable in C. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms a NO system up-regulation in transplanted patients. However, the counterregolatory system to CsA-induced vasoconstriction, could be cancelled by CsA induced superoxide and free radicals production which, increasing NO metabolism could contribute to CsA induced vasoconstriction and hypertension.

Water and its effects when drunk cold. The Physician's view (1576-1751).

Starting with Baldassare Pisanelli's book Trattato della natura de' cibi et del bere, published in Venice in 1586, the controversies that have kept physicians busy over the centuries regarding the relative importance of water in human health are traced. These controversies were of considerable importance as the Latin word for water 'aqua' is derived from the phrase 'a qua vinimus' (from whence we come). However, until the studies of Nicolas Lemery, one of the most important pharmacologists of the 18th century, the controversies were debated using more theoretical, philosophical arguments. Lemery's studies shifted the debates from those based on philosophical arguments to more physiologically and scientifically based arguments.

Giovan Battista Morgagni, a pioneer of clinical nephrology.

In the 18th century, Giovanni Battista Morgagni was the first to propose that specific signs and symptoms are linked to particular anatomical changes at autopsy and that these changes were the cause of the disease. This paper describes the report by Morgagni wherein he linked the anatomic findings at autopsy, specifically atrophied kidneys, with the signs and symptoms of a disease now known as uremia. From these findings, Morgagni felt that he had identified the factors responsible for the disease as well as its clinical course.