ABSTRACT
Preliminary evidence suggests efficacy of yoga as add-on treatment for schizophrenia, but the underlying mechanism by which yoga improves the symptoms of schizophrenia is not completely understood. Yoga improves self-reflection in healthy individuals, and self-reflection abnormalities are typically seen in schizophrenia. However, whether yoga treatment improves impairments in self-reflection typically seen in patients with schizophrenia is not examined. This paper discusses the potential mechanism of yoga in the treatment of schizophrenia and proposes a testable hypothesis for further empirical studies. It is proposed that self-reflection abnormalities in schizophrenia improve with yoga and the neurobiological changes associated with this can be examined using empirical behavioural measures and neuroimaging measures such as magnetic resonance imaging.
Subject(s)
Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Schizophrenia/therapy , Yoga , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Carbohydrate intolerance is the most common metabolic complication of pregnancy. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) poses numerous problems for both mother and fetus. The objective of this study was to compare the maternal and perinatal outcome between women with gestational diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic women. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study with 286 cases and 292 age-matched controls was conducted for a period of 11 months (August 2007-June 2008) in Sree Avittom Thirunal Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Universal screening was applied by means of glucose challenge test (GCT) using 50 g of glucose. If GCT >130 mg%, the patients were subjected to oral glucose tolerance test with 100 g of glucose. National Diabetes Data Group criteria was taken to assign patients to study group. These women were further followed up and the maternal and perinatal outcomes were assessed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Univariate analysis was done by means of t test, Odd's ratio, Chi-square test, and Fisher Exact test. P < 0.05 was taken as significant. RESULTS: The frequency of induction of labor was significantly higher than spontaneous labor (OR = 1.84, P = 0.001). 40.1 % GDM mothers and 35.8 % of non-diabetic mothers were delivered by Cesarean section. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) was the most common complication of labor (OR = 1.66, P = 0.04). Babies of diabetic mothers had a positive trend toward prematurity (OR = 2.3, P = 0.007). Hypoglycemia was the most common neonatal complication (OR = 11.97, P < 0.001) and nine babies of diabetic mothers were macrosomic (OR = 5.2, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal morbidities and neonatal complications such as neonatal hypoglycemia, macrosomia, and prematurity were significantly higher in GDM.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the determinants of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Sri Avittom Thirunal Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, South India. PARTICIPANTS: 300 GDM women as cases and 300 age-matched controls. STUDY VARIABLES: Sociodemographic characteristics, pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI), menstrual history, obstetric history, infertility history, family history of diabetes in first degree relatives, recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI), and moniliasis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: T-test, Fishers Exact Test, Chi square test, Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% CI. RESULTS: Pre-pregnancy BMI >/= 25 (P < 0.001, OR = 2.7), irregular menstrual cycle (P = 0.006), treatment for infertility (P = 0.001, OR = 3.3), family history of diabetes (P = 0.001, OR = 4.5), history of diabetes in mother (P = 0.003), previous pregnancy losses (P = 0.04), past GDM (P = 0.035), prematurity (P = 0.01), pre-eclampsia (P = 0.04), polyhydramnios (P < 0.001, OR = 6.0), UTI (P < 0.001, OR = 3.2), and moniliasis (P < 0.001, OR = 7.6) were significantly associated with present GDM. CONCLUSION: Early identification of women at risk of GDM and prompt treatment is recommended to prevent complications.
