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1.
Environ Sci Technol ; 52(11): 6714-6722, 2018 06 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29688717

ABSTRACT

Heavy fuel oil (HFO) particulate matter (PM) emitted by marine engines is known to contain toxic heavy metals, including vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni). The toxicity of such metals will depend on the their chemical state, size distribution, and mixing state. Using online soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SP-AMS), we quantified the mass of five metals (V, Ni, Fe, Na, and Ba) in HFO-PM soot particles produced by a marine diesel research engine. The in-soot metal concentrations were compared to in-PM2.5 measurements by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We found that <3% of total PM2.5 metals was associated with soot particles, which may still be sufficient to influence in-cylinder soot burnout rates. Since these metals were most likely present as oxides, whereas studies on lower-temperature boilers report a predominance of sulfates, this result implies that the toxicity of HFO PM depends on its combustion conditions. Finally, we observed a 4-to-25-fold enhancement in the ratio V:Ni in soot particles versus PM2.5, indicating an enrichment of V in soot due to its lower nucleation/condensation temperature. As this enrichment mechanism is not dependent on soot formation, V is expected to be generally enriched within smaller HFO-PM particles from marine engines, enhancing its toxicity.


Subject(s)
Fuel Oils , Particulate Matter , Metals , Soot , Vehicle Emissions
2.
Ann Oncol ; 24(5): 1378-84, 2013 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23372049

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Genomic complexity can predict the clinical course of patients affected by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with a normal FISH. However, large studies are still lacking. Here, we analyzed a large series of CLL patients and also carried out the so far largest comparison of FISH versus single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array in this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: SNP-array data were derived from a previously reported dataset. RESULTS: Seventy-seven of 329 CLL patients (23%) presented with a normal FISH. At least one large (>5 Mb) genomic aberration was detected by SNP array in 17 of 77 patients (22%); this finding significantly affected TTT. There was no correlation with the presence of TP53 mutations. In multivariate analysis, including age, Binet stage, IGHV genes mutational status and large genomic lesion, the latter three factors emerged as independent prognosticators. The concordance between FISH and SNP array varied between 84 and 97%, depending on the specific genomic locus investigated. CONCLUSIONS: SNP array detected additional large genomic aberrations not covered by the standard FISH panel predicting the outcome of CLL patients.


Subject(s)
Chromosome Aberrations , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics , Female , Genotype , Humans , Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics , Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Prognosis , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
3.
Leukemia ; 19(5): 741-9, 2005 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15772699

ABSTRACT

Some cellular and molecular features of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells that are associated with prognosis may reflect the context within which their progenitors encountered antigen. It follows that the nature of antigen drive in CLL could influence the clinical course and we were prompted to assess the impact, if any, of affinity maturation (an antigen-driven process) on prognosis. Statistical models for assessing affinity maturation status are typically applied to V(H) gene sequence data analysed using a web-based resource like IMGT or VBASE. Since these resources differ with respect to some key relevant features, we evaluated a cohort of CLL cases by applying statistical models to V(H) data derived from both IMGT and VBASE. Important differences between the resulting data sets became apparent. These resulted from database variance and because IMGT and VBASE define complementarity-determining and framework regions (CDRs, FRs) in different ways. Thus, the numbers of mutations identified and their distribution between CDRs/FRs varied between the data sets for the majority of clones. Consequently, two different but overlapping sets of cases with evidence of affinity maturation were defined. Notwithstanding their differences, no significant associations of affinity maturation status with CD38 expression, p53 functional status or survival were identifiable in either data set.


Subject(s)
Computational Biology , DNA Mutational Analysis/methods , Databases, Genetic , Immunogenetics/statistics & numerical data , Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics , Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics , ADP-ribosyl Cyclase/genetics , ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 , Aged , Antigens, CD/genetics , Clone Cells , Female , Humans , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality , Male , Membrane Glycoproteins , Mutation , Prognosis , Reproducibility of Results , Survival Analysis , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/physiology , User-Computer Interface
4.
Hum Reprod ; 13(6): 1437-41, 1998 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9688367

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate of the relationship of ovarian stromal volume, measured using three-dimensional ultrasound, to serum androgen concentrations in patients with polycystic ovaries. Serum gonadotrophin, oestradiol and androgen concentrations and ovarian volume measurements were obtained in the early follicular phase from 100 women undergoing assisted conception treatment cycles. Group 1 contained 50 women with regular menstrual cycles and normal ovarian morphology, group 2 contained 24 women with regular menstrual cycles and polycystic ovaries seen on ultrasound scan and group 3 contained 26 women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance, Scheffé's procedure and Pearson's correlation. Total ovarian volume (15.7-16.1 versus 11 ml, P < 0.05), stromal volume (14.5 versus 9.4 ml, P < 0.05) and thecal steroid concentrations were significantly greater in groups 2 and 3. Stromal volume was positively correlated with serum androstenedione concentrations (r = 0.45, P = 0.0019 in group 3) but was not correlated with any other endocrine parameter. It was concluded that polycystic ovaries are characterized by increased ovarian stroma with associated overproduction of theca-derived steroids, particularly androstenedione.


Subject(s)
Androgens/blood , Ovary/pathology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/blood , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/pathology , Adult , Female , Humans , Ovary/diagnostic imaging , Stromal Cells/pathology , Ultrasonography
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