Hydrogen gas as a central on-off functional switch of reversible metabolic arrest - New perspectives for biotechnological applications.

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that sustain life. There is an ongoing effort to control metabolic rate, which correlates with the maximum lifespan potential and constitutes one of the oldest scientific questions. Herein, we report on the complete reversible arrest of cellular metabolism and cell growth in a series of organisms, from microalgae to yeast upon exposure to a 100 % hydrogen atmosphere. We also report a tolerance of the microalgae under these conditions against extreme stress conditions, like high salt concentrations. The addition of oxygen or air almost completely restores the metabolic rate and cell growth. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to decipher this phenomenon at atomic scale. Various proteins, including photosynthetic and respiratory complexes (LHCII, cytochrome c5) are probed in the interaction with hydrogen. Exposure to hydrogen, as opposed to oxygen, decreases the fluctuations of protein residues indicating thermostability. According to the above mechanism, an absolute hydrogen atmosphere can preserve biological products (e.g. fruits) for a long time without consuming any energy. By combining biological, chemical and computational methods, in this research we provide the basis for future innovative studies and advances in the field of biotechnology.

Microalgal photosynthesis induces alkalization of aquatic environment as a result of H+ uptake independently from CO2 concentration - New perspectives for environmental applications.

The photosynthetic process in microalgae and the extracellular proton environment interact with each other. The photosynthetic process in microalgae induces a pH increase in the aquatic environment as a result of cellular protons uptake rather than as an effect of CO2 consumption. The photosynthetic water photolysis and the reduction/oxidation cycle of the plastoquinone pool provide lumen with protons. Weak bases act as "permeant buffers" in lumen during the photosynthetic procedure, converting the ΔpH to Δψ. This is possibly the main reason for continuous light-driven proton uptake from the aquatic environment through cytosol and stroma, into the lumen. The proton uptake rate and, therefore, the microalgal growth is proportional to the light intensity, cell concentration, and extracellular proton concentration. The low pH in microalgae cultures, without limitation factors related to light and nutrients, strongly induces photosynthesis (and proton uptake) and, consequently, growth. In contrast, the mitochondrial respiratory process, in the absence of photosynthetic activity, does not substantially alter the culture pH. Only after intensification of the respiratory process, using exogenous glucose supply leads to significantly reduced pH values in the culture medium, almost exclusively through proton output. Enhanced dissolution of atmospheric CO2 in water causes the phenomenon of ocean acidification, which prevents the process of calcification, a significant process for numerous phytoplankton and zooplankton organisms, as well for corals. The proposed interaction between microalgal photosynthetic activity and proton concentration in the aquatic environment, independently from the CO2 concentration, paves the way for new innovative management strategies for reversing the ocean acidification.