Duration and spread of an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes), used to treat varroa mites (Acari: Varroidae) in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hives.

A strain of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) isolated from varroa mites, Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae), was used to treat honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), against varroa mites in southern France. Fungal treatment caused a significant increase in the percentage of infected varroa mites compared with control treatments in two field experiments. In the first experiment, hives were treated with a formulation containing 0.37 g of B. bassiana conidia per hive and in the second experiment with a dose of 1.0 g of conidia per hive. The percentage of infected varroa mites also increased in the nontreated (control) hives, suggesting a movement of conidia, probably via bee drift, among the hives. Mite fall was significantly higher among treated hives compared with control hives on the sixth and eighth days after treatment in the first experiment. These days correspond to previously published data on the median survivorship of mites exposed to that fungal solate. The interaction of treatment and date was significant in the second experiment with respect to mite fall. Increases in colony-forming unit (cfu) density per bee were observed in all treatments but were significantly higher among bees from treated hives than control hives for at least a week after treatment. The relationship between cfu density per bee and proportion infected was modeled using a sigmoid curve. High levels of infection (>80%) were observed for cfu density per bee as low as 5 x 102 per bee, but the cfu density in hives treated with 0.37 g generally dropped below this level less than a week after treatment.

[Comparative study of verapamil LI 120 mg 3 times a day and verapamil LP 120 mg twice a day in stable exertion-induced angina. A multicenter study]. / Etude comparative du vérapamil LI 120 mg 3 fois par jour et du vérapamil LP 120 mg 2 fois par jour dans l'angor d'effort stable. Etude multicentrique.

A multicentre, open, crossover study in 27 patients with exertional angina compared the efficacy of verapamil LP 120 mg twice a day (VP LP 120) with that of verapamil LI 120 mg 3 times a day (VP LI 120) by means of stress tests. The study procedure was as follows: 7-day selection period during which the patient received placebo, and two 21-day treatment periods by VP LI 120 or VP LP 120 according to the crossover principle. At the end of each treatment phase, a stress test was performed at the trough serum concentration for each substance. VP LP 120 mg and VP LI 120 mg both improved exercise capacity compared to placebo. Comparison of VP LP 120 and VP LI 120 did not reveal any significant difference for stress test parameters (total duration of effort: 12 +/- 3.2 min with placebo, 13.3 +/- 3.7 min for the VP LI phase, 13.9 +/- 3.2 min for the VP LP phase; % FMT reached: 87.2% +/- 7.2 for VP LI, 89% +/- 7.3 for VP LP; time to onset of significant ST depression: 10 min +/- 2.9 for VP LI, 11 min 3.6 for VP LP). The efficacy of VP LP 120 in exertional angina is therefore identical to that of VP LI 120, despite a reduction of the total dose and serum levels.