ABSTRACT
A new series of Fischer carbenes have been synthetized and examined as hole-transporting or electron-transporting layers (HTLs or ETLs) in the fabrication of organic solar cells (OSCs). The synthesis of three Fischer aminocarbene complexes with the general formula [Cr(CO)5{C(NHCH2)Ar}] (Ar = 2-pyridyl (3a), 3-pyridyl (3b) and 4-pyridyl (3c)) is reported. The molecular structure of complex 3b has been confirmed by X-ray analysis. In order to study the possible applications of the three Fischer aminocarbenes in OSCs, thin films of these complexes were prepared using a vacuum deposition process. These organometallic films were chemically and morphologically characterized by IR spectroscopy, SEM, AFM and XRD. According to the IR and Tauc analysis, the vacuum deposition process generates thin films free of impurities with an activation energy of 4.0, 2.7 and 2.1 eV for 3a, 3b y 3c, respectively. The UV-vis spectra of the amorphous aminocarbene films show that they are practically transparent to the visible radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is due to the fact that their absorption is located mainly in the ultraviolet range. Two OSCs with bulk-heterojunction configuration were manufactured in order to prove the use of the aminocarbenes as ETL o HTL. The aminocarbene [Cr(CO)5{C(NHCH2) 4-pyridyl}] (3c) proved to be suitable as ETL with a fill factor (FF) of 0.23 and a short circuit current density (JSC) of 1.037 mA/cm².
Subject(s)
Alkynes/chemistry , Dioxolanes/chemistry , Organometallic Compounds/chemical synthesis , Crystallography, X-Ray , Electron Transport , Molecular Structure , Organometallic Compounds/chemistry , Renewable Energy , Solar EnergyABSTRACT
Female and male CFI mice weighing 25-30 g were given 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg of gamma-ethyl-gamma-phenyl-butyrolactone (EPBL) for 5 days intraperitoneally. In the male-dominant lethal phase, males treated with EPBL were mated with untreated females following a 7-day mating schedule with three consecutive mating events. In the female-dominant lethal phase, females treated with EPBL were caged with untreated males. The above dosages and schedule treatments were used. The incidence of pregnancy of females mated on days 1-7 and 8-14 after males were given 200 mg/kg of EPBL and of females given 200 mg/kg when mated to untreated males was decreased. Upon examining surgically exposed uteri and ovaries of pregnant females during the first phase, on gestation days 13-15, an increased incidence of pre-implantation losses with 200 mg/kg of EPBL and an increased incidence of post-implantation losses with 100 and 200 mg/kg was observed. In addition, an increased frequency of pre- and post-implantation losses was seen in females treated with 200 mg/kg. These results support the conclusion that EPBL is a germ cell mutagen and its effects are more pronounced during the post-meiotic stage.
Subject(s)
4-Butyrolactone/analogs & derivatives , 4-Butyrolactone/toxicity , Germ Cells/drug effects , Mutagens/toxicity , Animals , Corpus Luteum/anatomy & histology , Corpus Luteum/drug effects , Embryo Implantation/drug effects , Embryo Loss/chemically induced , Epididymis/anatomy & histology , Epididymis/drug effects , Female , Male , Mice , Organ Size/drug effects , Pregnancy , Random Allocation , Sperm Count , Sperm Motility/drug effects , Spermatozoa/drug effects , Testis/anatomy & histology , Testis/drug effectsABSTRACT
Este estudio es un análisis retrospectivo de 23 pacientes con carcinoma de mama en estadio avanzado, seguidos entre seis y 51 meses con promedio de 31 meses. El receptor estrogénico (RE) se cuantificó con el método de carbón cubierto con dextrán y la actividad semejante a tripsina por medio de espectrofluorometría. El porcentaje de muestras con RE+ en pacientes ò 50 años fue 83 por ciento y la mediana de 148 fmoles/mg de proteína (intervalo de 10 a 1,847), mientras que en pacientes ó 49 años las muestras RE+ fueron 64 por ciento y la mediana de 33 fmoles/mg de proteína (intervalo de 12 a 147) (p<0.05). Por otro lado, el análisis estadístico de los valores de la actividad semejante a tripsina no mostró diferencias significativas entre estos grupos. La respuesta al tratamiento con tamoxifeno fue favorable en 92 por ciento de las pacientes ò 50 años y en 55 por ciento de ó 49 años (p<0.05). La presencia de un porcentaje más alto de positividad al RE, así como de valores intrínsecos más altos de RE en pacientes ò 50 años en comparación con los de las enfermas ó 49 años, parece tener relación con una mejor respuesta al tamoxifeno en las primeras. Por otro lado, no encontramos correlación entre los valores de actividad semejante a tripsina y la respuesta al tamoxifeno.
