Synchronization of secretory protein traffic in populations of cells.

To dissect secretory traffic, we developed the retention using selective hooks (RUSH) system. RUSH is a two-state assay based on the reversible interaction of a hook protein fused to core streptavidin and stably anchored in the donor compartment with a reporter protein of interest fused to streptavidin-binding peptide (SBP). Biotin addition causes a synchronous release of the reporter from the hook. Using the RUSH system, we analyzed different transport characteristics of various Golgi and plasma membrane reporters at physiological temperature in living cells. Using dual-color simultaneous live-cell imaging of two cargos, we observed intra- and post-Golgi segregation of cargo traffic, consistent with observation in other systems. We show preliminarily that the RUSH system is usable for automated screening. The system should help increase the understanding of the mechanisms of trafficking and enable screens for molecules that perturb pathological protein transport.

Circulating human CD4 and CD8 T cells do not have large intracellular pools of CCR5.

CC Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) is an important mediator of chemotaxis and the primary coreceptor for HIV-1. A recent report by other researchers suggested that primary T cells harbor pools of intracellular CCR5. With the use of a series of complementary techniques to measure CCR5 expression (antibody labeling, Western blot, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction), we established that intracellular pools of CCR5 do not exist and that the results obtained by the other researchers were false-positives that arose because of the generation of irrelevant binding sites for anti-CCR5 antibodies during fixation and permeabilization of cells.

Transmembrane domains control exclusion of membrane proteins from clathrin-coated pits.

Efficient sorting of proteins is essential to allow transport between intracellular compartments while maintaining their specific composition. During endocytosis, membrane proteins can be concentrated in endocytic vesicles by specific interactions between their cytoplasmic domains and cytosolic coat proteins. It is, however, unclear whether they can be excluded from transport vesicles and what the determinants for this sorting could be. Here, we show that in the absence of cytosolic sorting signals, transmembrane domains control the access of surface proteins to endosomal compartments. They act in particular by determining the degree of exclusion of membrane proteins from endocytic clathrin-coated vesicles. When cytosolic endocytosis signals are present, it is the combination of cytosolic and transmembrane determinants that ultimately controls the efficiency with which a given transmembrane protein is endocytosed.

Resistance of Dictyostelium discoideum membranes to saponin permeabilization.

BACKGROUND: Saponin is a mild detergent commonly used to permeabilize cells prior to immunofluorescence labeling of intracellular proteins. It has previously been used to that effect in Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae. FINDINGS: We show that saponin, contrary to Triton X-100 or alcohol, permeabilizes at best incompletely membranes of Dictyostelium. In cells exposed to osmotic stress, almost complete resistance to saponin permeabilization was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Saponin should be used with special care to permeabilize Dictyostelium membranes. This unsusual property is presumably linked to the specific sterol composition of Dictyostelium membranes. It may also represent an adaptation of Dictyostelium to harsh conditions or to natural compounds encountered in its natural environment.

A role for adaptor protein-3 complex in the organization of the endocytic pathway in Dictyostelium.

Dictyostelium discoideum cells continuously internalize extracellular material, which accumulates in well-characterized endocytic vacuoles. In this study, we describe a new endocytic compartment identified by the presence of a specific marker, the p25 protein. This compartment presents features reminiscent of mammalian recycling endosomes: it is localized in the pericentrosomal region but distinct from the Golgi apparatus. It specifically contains surface proteins that are continuously endocytosed but rapidly recycled to the cell surface and thus absent from maturing endocytic compartments. We evaluated the importance of each clathrin-associated adaptor complex in establishing a compartmentalized endocytic system by studying the phenotype of the corresponding mutants. In knockout cells for mu3, a subunit of the AP-3 clathrin-associated complex, membrane proteins normally restricted to p25-positive endosomes were mislocalized to late endocytic compartments. Our results suggest that AP-3 plays an essential role in the compartmentalization of the endocytic pathway in Dictyostelium.

Selective membrane exclusion in phagocytic and macropinocytic cups.

Specialized eukaryotic cells can ingest large particles and sequester them within membrane-delimited phagosomes. Many studies have described the delivery of lysosomal proteins to the phagosome, but little is known about membrane sorting during the early stages of phagosome formation. Here we used Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae to analyze the membrane composition of newly formed phagosomes. The membrane delimiting the closing phagocytic cup was essentially derived from the plasma membrane, but a subgroup of proteins was specifically excluded. Interestingly the same phenomenon was observed during the formation of macropinosomes, suggesting that the same sorting mechanisms are at play during phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Analysis of mutant strains revealed that clathrin-associated adaptor complexes AP-1, -2 and -3 were not necessary for this selective exclusion and, accordingly, ultrastructural analysis revealed no evidence for vesicular transport around phagocytic cups. Our results suggest the existence of a new, as yet uncharacterized, sorting mechanism in phagocytic and macropinocytic cups.

Acidic clusters target transmembrane proteins to the contractile vacuole in Dictyostelium cells.

The mechanisms responsible for the targeting of transmembrane integral proteins to the contractile vacuole (CV) network in Dictyostelium discoideum are unknown. Here we show that the transfer of the cytoplasmic domain of a CV-resident protein (Rh50) to a reporter transmembrane protein (CsA) is sufficient to address the chimera (CsA-Rh50) to the CV. We identified two clusters of acidic residues responsible for this targeting, and these motifs interacted with the gamma-adaptin AP-1 subunit in a yeast protein-protein interaction assay. For the first time we report the existence of an indirect transport pathway from the plasma membrane to the CV via endosomes. Upon internalization, the small fraction of CsA-Rh50 present at the cell surface was first concentrated in endosomes distinct from early and late p80-positive endosomes and then slowly transported to the CV. Together our results suggest the existence of an AP-1-dependent selective transport to the contractile vacuole in Dictyostelium.

Formation of multivesicular endosomes in Dictyostelium.

Multivesicular endosomes are present in virtually every eucaryotic cell, where they arise by intra-endosomal budding of the limiting endosomal membrane. Some genetic diseases such as Chediak-Higashi syndrome are characterized by enlarged membrane-filled endosomes. The same altered endosomal morphology can be observed in cells exposed to certain drugs, for example U18666A. The mechanisms involved are still poorly characterized, partially because this atypical budding event is particularly difficult to observe in mammalian cells. Taking advantage of the simplicity of the endosomal structure in Dictyostelium discoideum, we could visualize intraendosomal budding at the ultrastructural level. In this model organism, the drug U18666A was shown to stimulate intra-endosomal budding, while an inhibitor of PI 3-kinase activity was found to have no effect on this process. Inactivation of a Dictyostelium gene with similarity to the gene responsible for Chediak-Higashi syndrome did not alter the intra-endosomal budding or the accumulation of intra-endosomal membranes. Thus, although treatment with U18666A and inactivation of the Chediak-Higashi gene cause similar morphological defects in mammalian cells, observations in a different model reveal that their respective modes of action are different.