Ebola virus-induced eye sequelae: a murine model for evaluating glycoprotein-targeting therapeutics.

BACKGROUND: Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors experience ocular sequelae including retinal lesions, cataracts, and vision loss. While monoclonal antibodies targeting the Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) have shown promise in improving prognosis, their effectiveness in mitigating ocular sequelae remains uncertain. METHODS: We developed and characterized a BSL-2-compatible immunocompetent mouse model to evaluate therapeutics targeting EBOV-GP by inoculating neonatal mice with vesicular stomatitis virus expressing EBOV-GP (VSV-EBOV). To examine the impact of anti-EBOV-GP antibody treatment on acute retinitis and ocular sequelae, VSV-EBOV-infected mice were treated with polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibody preparations with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC-mAb) or neutralizing activity (NEUT-mAb). FINDINGS: Treatment with all anti-EBOV-GP antibodies tested dramatically reduced viremia and improved survival. Further, all treatments reduced the incidence of cataracts. However, NEUT-mAb alone or in combination with ADCC-mAb reduced viral load in the eyes, downregulated the ocular immune and inflammatory responses, and minimized retinal damage more effectively. INTERPRETATION: Anti-EBOV-GP antibodies can improve survival among EVD patients, but improved therapeutics are needed to reduce life altering sequelae. This animal model offers a new platform to examine the acute and long-term effect of the virus in the eye and the relative impact of therapeutic candidates targeting EBOV-GP. Results indicate that even antibodies that improve systemic viral clearance and survival can differ in their capacity to reduce acute ocular inflammation, and long-term retinal pathology and corneal degeneration. FUNDING: This study was partly supported by Postgraduate Research Fellowship Awards from ORISE through an interagency agreement between the US DOE and the US FDA.

The septin modifier, forchlorfenuron, activates NLRP3 via a potassium-independent mitochondrial axis.

The Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated by stimuli that induce perturbations in cell homeostasis, which commonly converge on cellular potassium efflux. NLRP3 has thus emerged as a sensor for ionic flux. Here, we identify forchlorfenuron (FCF) as an inflammasome activator that triggers NLRP3 signaling independently of potassium efflux. FCF triggers the rearrangement of septins, key cytoskeletal proteins that regulate mitochondrial function. We report that FCF triggered the rearrangement of SEPT2 into tubular aggregates and stimulated SEPT2-independent NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Similar to imiquimod, FCF induced the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial respiration. FCF thereby joins the imidazoquinolines as a structurally distinct class of molecules that triggers NLRP3 inflammasome signaling independent of potassium efflux, likely by inducing mitochondrial damage.

Healthcare Provider Perceptions of the Use of Medical Interpretation in Primary Care.

OBJECTIVES: Sixty-three percent of Latinos/as/x in Alabama, speak English "not well" or "not at all." Effective provider-patient communication is the foundation of successful clinical interactions. Medical interpretation is important to the healthcare provision for patients with limited English proficiency (LEP). We examined Alabama providers' perceptions of working with medical interpreters to identify strategies to improve healthcare provision for LEP patients. METHODS: We conducted nine semistructured qualitative interviews with primary healthcare providers in western Alabama. We used NVivo to conduct thematic coding and content analysis. RESULTS: Of the nine providers, one self-identified as Latina and the others identified as White. Four participants worked in community clinics and five worked at university-based clinics. Four themes emerged: preference for in-person interpreters over technology-based interpretation; providers' perceptions and expectations of the roles of professional interpreters; challenges in the communication process; and use of family members or other ad hoc interpreters. CONCLUSIONS: To meet the needs of Latino/a/x communities, clinical settings should invest in adequate staffing of in-person interpreters, infrastructure and workflow improvements, and the hiring and training of polylingual providers. Capacity-building opportunities to establish team building between interpreters and providers could be useful tools in improving healthcare provision for LEP patients.

Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis combined with pressured heating on tree nut allergenicity.

Hazelnut, pistachio and cashew are tree nuts with health benefits but also with allergenic properties being prevalent food allergens in Europe. The allergic characteristics of these tree nuts after processing combining heat, pressure and enzymatic digestion were analyzed through in vitro (Western blot and ELISA) and in vivo test (Prick-Prick). In the analyzed population, the patients sensitized to Cor a 8 (nsLTP) were predominant over those sensitized against hazelnut seed storage proteins (Sprot, Cor a 9 and 14), which displayed higher IgE reactivity. The protease E5 effectively hydrolyzed proteins from hazelnut and pistachio, while E7 was efficient for cashew protein hydrolysis. When combined with pressured heating (autoclave and Controlled Instantaneous Depressurization (DIC)), these proteases notably reduced the allergenic reactivity. The combination of DIC treatment before enzymatic digestion resulted in the most effective methodology to drastically reduce or indeed eliminate the allergenic capacity of tree nuts.

Ribonucleotide reductase inhibition improves the symptoms of a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of aging-associated dementia, for which there is no effective treatment. In this work, we reanalyze the information of a previous genome wide association study, using a new pipeline design to identify novel potential drugs. With this approach, ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase gene (RRM2B) emerged as a candidate target and its inhibitor, 2', 2'-difluoro 2'deoxycytidine (gemcitabine), as a potential pharmaceutical drug against Alzheimer's disease. We functionally verified the effect of inhibiting the RRM2B homolog, rnr-2, in an Alzheimer's model of Caenorhabditis elegans, which accumulates human Aß1-42 peptide to an irreversible paralysis. RNA interference against rnr-2 and also treatment with 200 ng/ml of gemcitabine, showed an improvement of the phenotype. Gemcitabine treatment increased the intracellular ATP level 3.03 times, which may point to its mechanism of action. Gemcitabine has been extensively used in humans for cancer treatment but at higher concentrations. The 200 ng/ml concentration did not exert a significant effect over cell cycle, or affected cell viability when assayed in the microglia N13 cell line. Thus, the inhibitory drug of the RRM2B activity could be of potential use to treat Alzheimer's disease and particularly gemcitabine might be considered as a promising candidate to be repurposed for its treatment.

Cell-type-specific tumour sensitivity identified with a bromodomain targeting PROTAC in adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with limited treatment options. The development of novel therapies is hindered by a lack of preclinical models. We have generated ACC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) lines that retain the physical and genetic properties of the original tumours, including the presence of the common MYB::NFIB or MYBL1::NFIB translocations. We have developed the conditions for the generation of both 2D and 3D tumour organoid patient-derived ACC models that retain MYB expression and can be used for drug studies. Using these models, we show in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of ACC cells to the bromodomain degrader, dBET6. Molecular studies show a decrease in BRD4 and MYB protein levels and target gene expression with treatment. The most prominent effect of dBET6 on tumours in vivo was a change in the relative composition of ACC cell types expressing either myoepithelial or ductal markers. We show that dBET6 inhibits the progenitor function of ACC cells, particularly in the myoepithelial marker-expressing population, revealing a cell-type-specific sensitivity. These studies uncover a novel mechanistic effect of bromodomain inhibitors on tumours and highlight the need to impact both cell-type populations for more effective treatments in ACC patients. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

[Mental Health and Social Media Use of Adolescents and Young Adults During COVID-19 Pandemic]. / Psychische Gesundheit und Social Media- Nutzungsverhalten von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen während der COVID-19-Pandemie.

Social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on the mental health of youth. We analyzed a sample of 274 adolescents and young adults that participated in an online survey. We used the Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18) and the Perceived Stress Scale to assess mental health status. Furthermore, we assessed the frequency and intensity of social media use in all participants. More than 50 % of the adolescents and young adults reported clinically relevant scores for somatization, depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. Females had significantly higher mental health burdens than males. Although adolescents used social media more frequently and intensely than young adults, the results showed no correlation with psychopathology. Young adults had significantly higher scores compared to adolescents in somatization, depression, and perceived stress the more time they spent on social media. Our results emphasise that frequency and intensity of social media use alone were not associated with worsemental health.However, the adverse effects of socialmedia use have to be considered carefully.

Transplacental infection by bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 induces protein expression of COX-2, iNOS and inflammatory cytokines in fetal lungs and placentas.

Bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoAHV-1) is associated with respiratory and reproductive syndromes. Until present the immunologic mechanisms involved in BoAHV-1 abortion are partially known. We studied key elements of the innate immune response in the placentas and fetal lungs from cattle experimentally-inoculated with BoAHV-1. These tissues were analyzed by histopathology. Furthermore, virus identification was performed by qPCR and the expression of the inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1-alpha and inflammatory mediators like inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxeganse-2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The viral transplacental infection was confirmed by the detection of BoAHV-1 by qPCR in the placenta and fetal organs, which revealed mild inflammatory lesions. Inducible nitric oxide synthase immunolabelling was high in the lungs of infected fetuses and placentas, as well as for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pulmonary parenchyma and cyclooxeganse-2 in fetal annexes. However, the expression of interleukin 1-alpha was weak in these organs. To our knowledge, this is the first study that provides strong evidence of an early immune response to BoAHV-1 infection in the conceptus. Advances in the knowledge of the complex immunological interactions at the feto-maternal unit during BoAHV-1 infection are needed to clarify the pathogenesis of abortion.

Contrasting patterns of foraging behavior in neotropical stingless bees using pollen and honey metabarcoding.

Stingless bees are major flower visitors in the tropics, but their foraging preferences and behavior are still poorly understood. Studying stingless bee interactions with angiosperms is methodologically challenging due to the high tropical plant diversity and inaccessibility of upper canopy flowers in forested habitats. Pollen DNA metabarcoding offers an opportunity of assessing floral visitation efficiently and was applied here to understand stingless bee floral resources spectra and foraging behavior. We analyzed pollen and honey from nests of three distantly related stingless bee species, with different body size and social behavior: Melipona rufiventris, Scaptotrigona postica and Tetragonisca angustula. Simultaneously, we evaluate the local floristic components through seventeen rapid botanical surveys conducted at different distances from the nests. We discovered a broad set of explored floral sources, with 46.3 plant species per bee species in honey samples and 53.67 in pollen samples. Plant families Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Melastomataceae and Malpighiaceae dominated the records, indicating stingless bee preferences for abundant resources that flowers of these families provide in the region. Results also reinforce the preference of stingless bees for forest trees, even if only available at long distances. Our high-resolution results encourage future bee-plant studies using pollen and honey metabarcoding in hyper-diverse tropical environments.

Quantifying Cell Death Induced by the NLRC4 Inflammasome.

The Nod-like Receptor (NLR) apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs) are cytosolic receptors that sense cytosolic bacterial proteins. NAIP ligation induces its association with NLRC4, leading to the assembly of the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome, which induces the activation of the caspase-1 protease. Caspase-1 then cleaves pro-interleukin (IL)-1ß, pro-IL-18, and gasdermin D and induces a form of pro-inflammatory cell death, pyroptosis. These processes culminate in host defense against bacterial infection. Here we describe methods for activating NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome signalling in human and murine macrophages and quantifying inflammasome-induced cell death.

Soil microbial community composition and functions are disrupted by fire and land use in a Mediterranean woodland.

The intersection of fire, land use transformations, and climate change is putting Mediterranean climate-type ecosystems at risk of soil degradation and loss of ecosystem services. Ondik et al. (2022b) showed that in a Mediterranean dry sclerophyll woodland of South Australia, high severity fire and clearing and grazing practices impacted both physicochemical and biological soil quality indicators. Building upon the work of Ondik et al. (2022b) this study aims to 1) identify soil physicochemical properties impacted by fire and land management that are indirect drivers of changes to soil microbial community composition and 2) determine whether the observed changes to soil microbial community composition affect soil microbial functions. Via a redundancy analysis, we identified fire and management-induced changes to pH, soil water repellency, nutrient stoichiometry, and total nutrient content as significant drivers of the composition of soil microbial communities. We then measured basal respiration, substrate induced respiration, and the carbon mineralisation quotient, and calculated functional trait distributions among microbial communities by linking 16S and 18S rRNA sequences to respiration modes and functional guilds, respectively. We found that fire reduced soil microbial respiration and the relative abundance (RA) of microbial symbionts, anaerobic bacteria, and microaerophilic bacteria, while increasing the RA of aerobic bacteria. Furthermore, management increased the RA of post-fire ectomycorrhizal fungi and may have reduced pathogenic load, microbial efficiency, and wood saprotrophs, while increasing litter, soil, and other saprotrophic species that are adapted to grasslands. This study shows that, through changes to microbial community composition, high severity wildfire and land management affected soil respiration rates, bacterial modes of respiration, prevalence of symbiotic bacteria and fungi, and microbial substrate preference. Having identified the main physicochemical drivers of changes to microbial community composition, we provide valuable insights into how fire and land management can impact soils in Mediterranean woodland.

A real-world comparison of the clinical and economic utility of OVA1 and CA125 in assessing ovarian tumor malignancy risk.

Aim: This largest-of-its-kind study evaluated the clinical utility of CA125 and OVA1, commonly used as ovarian tumor markers for assessing the risk of malignancy. The research focused on the ability and utility of these tests to reliably predict patients at low risk for ovarian cancer. Clinical utility endpoints were 12-month maintenance of benign mass status, reduction in gynecologic oncologist referral, avoidable surgical intervention and associated cost savings. Materials & methods: This was a multicenter retrospective review of data from electronic medical records and administrative claims databases. Patients receiving a CA125 or OVA1 test between October 2018 and September 2020 were identified and followed for 12 months using site-specific electronic medical records to assess tumor status and utilization outcomes. Propensity score adjustment was used to control for confounding variables. Payer allowed amounts from Merative MarketScan Research Databases were used to estimate 12-month episode-of-care costs per patient, including surgery and other interventions. Results: Among 290 low-risk OVA1 patients, 99.0% remained benign for 12 months compared with 97.2% of 181 low-risk CA125 patients. The OVA1 cohort exhibited 75% lower odds of surgical intervention in the overall sample of patients (Adjusted OR: 0.251, p ≤ 0.0001), and 63% lower odds of gynecologic oncologist utilization among premenopausal women (Adjusted OR: 0.37, p = 0.0390) versus CA125. OVA1 demonstrated significant savings in surgical interventions ($2486, p ≤ 0.0001) and total episode-of-care costs ($2621, p ≤ 0.0001) versus CA125. Conclusion: This study underscores the utility of a reliably predictive multivariate assay for assessing ovarian cancer risk. For patients assessed at low risk of ovarian tumor malignancy, OVA1 is associated with a significant reduction in avoidable surgeries and substantial cost savings per patient. OVA1 is also associated with a significant reduction in subspecialty referrals for low-risk premenopausal patients.

Virtual Reality Interventions for Mental Health.

Virtual Reality (VR) is a growing field in psychological research and therapy. While there is strong evidence for the efficacy of exposure therapy in VR (VRET) to treat anxiety disorders, new opportunities for using VR to treat mental health disorders are emerging. In this chapter, we first describe the value of VRET for the treatment of several anxiety disorders. Next, we introduce some recent developments in research using VR investigating schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders, and eating disorders. This includes therapeutic strategies beyond VRET, including avatar-based therapies or those combining VR with biofeedback approaches. Although VR offers many convincing advantages, contraindications in treatment must be considered when implementing VR-supported therapy in clinical practice. Finally, we provide an outlook for future research, highlighting the integration of augmented reality and automation processes in VR environments to create more efficient and tailored therapeutic tools. Further, future treatments will benefit from the gamification approach, which integrates elements of computer games and narratives that promote patients' motivation and enables methods to reduce drop-outs during psychological therapy.

Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 promotes salt tolerance through jasmonic acid priming in Arabidopsis thaliana.

BACKGROUND: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), such as Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3, are able to improve seed germination and plant growth under various biotic and abiotic stress conditions, including high salinity stress. PGPR can affect plants' responses to stress via multiple pathways which are often interconnected but were previously thought to be distinct. Although the overall impacts of PGPR on plant growth and stress tolerance have been well documented, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. This work contributes to understanding how PGPR promote abiotic stress by revealing major plant pathways triggered by B. japonicum under salt stress. RESULTS: The plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) strain Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 reduced the levels of sodium in Arabidopsis thaliana by 37.7%. B. japonicum primed plants as it stimulated an increase in jasmonates (JA) and modulated hydrogen peroxide production shortly after inoculation. B. japonicum-primed plants displayed enhanced shoot biomass, reduced lipid peroxidation and limited sodium accumulation under salt stress conditions. Q(RT)-PCR analysis of JA and abiotic stress-related gene expression in Arabidopsis plants pretreated with B. japonicum and followed by six hours of salt stress revealed differential gene expression compared to non-inoculated plants. Response to Desiccation (RD) gene RD20 and reactive oxygen species scavenging genes CAT3 and MDAR2 were up-regulated in shoots while CAT3 and RD22 were increased in roots by B. japonicum, suggesting roles for these genes in B. japonicum-mediated salt tolerance. B. japonicum also influenced reductions of RD22, MSD1, DHAR and MYC2 in shoots and DHAR, ADC2, RD20, RD29B, GTR1, ANAC055, VSP1 and VSP2 gene expression in roots under salt stress. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that MYC2 and JAR1 are required for B. japonicum-induced shoot growth in both salt stressed and non-stressed plants. The observed microbially influenced reactions to salinity stress in inoculated plants underscore the complexity of the B. japonicum jasmonic acid-mediated plant response salt tolerance.

Conspiracy beliefs and COVID-19 guideline adherence in adolescent psychiatric outpatients: the predictive role of adverse childhood experiences.

BACKGROUND: Conspiracy beliefs have become widespread throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies have shown that endorsing conspiracy beliefs leads to lower protective guideline adherence (i.e., wearing face masks), posing a threat to public health measures. The current study expands this research across the lifespan, i.e., in a sample of adolescents with mental health problems. Here, we investigated the association between conspiracy beliefs and guideline adherence while also exploring the predictors of conspiracy beliefs. METHODS: N = 93 adolescent psychiatric outpatients (57% female, mean age: 15.8) were assessed using anonymous paper-pencil questionnaires. Endorsement of generic and COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs was assessed, in addition to items measuring adherence to protective guidelines and mental health (stress, depressive symptoms, emotional/behavioral problems, and adverse childhood experiences). Multiple regressions and supervised machine learning (conditional random forests) were used for analyses. RESULTS: Fourteen percent of our sample fully endorsed at least one COVID-19 conspiracy theory, while protective guidelines adherence was relatively high (M = 4.92, on a scale from 1 to 7). The endorsement of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs-but not of generic conspiracy beliefs-was associated with lower guideline adherence (ß = - 0.32, 95% CI - 0.53 to - 0.11, p < .001). Conditional random forests suggested that adverse childhood experiences and peer and conduct problems were relevant predictors of both conspiracy belief categories. CONCLUSION: While a significant proportion of our sample of adolescents in psychiatric treatment endorsed conspiracy beliefs, the majority did not. Furthermore, and to some degree, contrary to public perception, we found that adolescents show relatively good adherence to public health measures-even while experiencing a high degree of mental distress. The predictive value of adverse childhood experiences and peer/conduct problems for conspiracy beliefs might be explained by compensatory mechanisms to ensure the safety, structure, and inclusion that conspiracies provide.

The structure of antagonism: A hierarchical model of self- and interview-rated psychopathology.

Recent initiatives in the empirically based classification of psychopathology, namely, the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP), have made significant strides in addressing the limitations of traditional taxonomies (i.e., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, International Classification of Diseases). The current study aimed to extend this work by helping to clarify the lower order structure of an understudied dimension of psychopathology-antagonism (i.e., HiTOP antagonistic externalizing spectrum)-a core feature of many externalizing disorders and related to important outcomes such as interpersonal problems, childhood conduct problems, and incarceration. We examined the hierarchical structure of several measures of antagonistic externalizing features across both self-report and clinical interview ratings for 2,279 community participants with a diverse range of personality pathology (~75% with a personality disorder) and antagonistic behaviors (~30% with intermittent explosive disorder). Exploratory structural equation modeling was used to account for the shared variance between variables within self-report and interview methods. Results revealed an optimal lower order structure consisting of six factors labeled Antisociality, Anger, Hostility, Narcissism, Mistrust, and Attention Seeking. Factor scores yielded expected relations with self-report and interview ratings of psychopathology, personality, and childhood trauma. Implications for future research in classification and treatment of psychopathology are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Soporte nutricional en los trastornos por evitación o restricción de los alimentos / Nutritional support for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

El trastorno de evitación y/o restricción de la ingesta de alimentos (ARFID) fue incluido como nuevo diagnóstico dentro de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en el manual DSM-V en el año 2013. Se lo define como un fracaso persistente para cumplir las necesidades nutricionales y/o energéticas adecuadas, lo que puede dar lugar a pérdida de peso, deficiencias nutricionales y necesidad de nutrición enteral. No presenta alteración de la constitución corporal o patología mental.(AU)

Geographic Access to Primary Healthcare Services among Latinos/as/x in Western Alabama.

OBJECTIVES: Alabama's Latino/a/x population grew 278% from 2000 to 2018. Tuscaloosa County, located in the largely rural region of western Alabama, also experienced a significant influx of Latino/as/x during this time frame. Geographic healthcare access (GHA) to primary care and hospitals is crucial for immigrant Latino/as/x to care for their health, but few studies have characterized it. The goals of this article were to describe the availability (defined as number of provider locations) and accessibility (defined as travel impedance between potential patients and provider locations) of primary healthcare services and to discuss potential strategies to address these healthcare access challenges. METHODS: We drew data from the US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates, Blue Cross Blue Shield national doctor and hospital finder database, the Alabama Department of Public Health, and Tuscaloosa Transit Authority. We used geographic data, geographic information systems, and spatial analyses to characterize the availability and accessibility of primary care services and hospitals for Latinos/as/x in Tuscaloosa County using ESRI, ArcGIS 10.6.1. We showed the distribution of Latinos/as/x by census tract with choropleth mapping and mapped primary healthcare providers alongside public transit routes and hospital driving times to support our findings. RESULTS: This work demonstrated that Latinos/as/x in Tuscaloosa County were concentrated in more rural areas surrounding the county's city center, presenting significant barriers to GHA. These areas had fewer primary care providers and limited public transit. Many Latinos/as/x in this county had to travel ≥45 minutes to a hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Outreach and technology-based approaches, including home visit programs, mobile health units, and telemedicine, may be particularly important in bridging the GHA gaps for this and other largely rural populations the southeastern United States. Some of this potential was unlocked during the coronavirus disease 2019 crisis. These gains should be leveraged toward sustainable healthcare access initiatives for rural Latino/a/x populations.

Fire and land use impact soil properties in a Mediterranean dry sclerophyll woodland.

Fire directly impacts soil properties responsible for soil function and can result in soil degradation. Across the globe, climate change-induced droughts and elevated temperatures are exacerbating fire regime severity, breadth, and frequency, thus posing a threat to soil function and dependent ecosystem services. In Australia, the 2019-2020 fire season consumed nearly 50% of Kangaroo Island, South Australia, burning both dry sclerophyll woodland and adjacent historically cleared and grazed pastureland. Due to exacerbated fire regime elements, e.g., intensity and area affected, and interactions with historical land use, post-fire recovery of soil function was uncertain. This study assessed the impacts of a) the 2019-2020 fire event in Western River, Kangaroo Island on dry sclerophyll woodland and b) the interaction between this fire event and historical clearing and grazing on post-fire function of the soil. To do so, the following physicochemical and biological soil properties were analysed: labile active carbon, total carbon, total nitrogen, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), pH, electrical conductivity, soil water repellency, aggregate stability, microbial community composition, and microbial diversity. Our results showed that the fire was of high severity, causing a reduction in nutrient content, an extreme rise in pH, and significant modifications to fungal communities in burnt compared to unburnt dry sclerophyll woodland. Furthermore, clearing and grazing raised post-fire soil nutrient levels and soil microbial diversity but reduced soil C/N and the abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi in burnt pastureland compared to burnt woodland soils. This study highlights the role of management and fire severity in post-fire outcomes and emphasizes the need for comprehensive soil function assessments to evaluate the impacts of disturbance on soil. Taking direct measure of soil properties, as done here, will improve future assessments of fire season impacts and post-fire recovery in fire-prone landscapes.