La tasa de Mortalidad General del Ecuador del INEC subestima erróneamente al Cáncer / The INEC General Mortality Rate of Ecuador erroneously underestimates Cancer

Introducción: La aplicación del sistema de clasificación 6-61 para obtener la tasa mortalidad dentro de las estadísticas del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos(INEC) tiene un sesgo de contabilidad en las diferentes patologías: en casos particulares incluye categorías y subcategorías de las enfermedades oncológicas y en otros casos excluye a las categorías y solo se contabiliza la subcategoría, por este motivo, se planteó el presente estudio de bases de datos (BD) para obtener la verdadera tasa de mortalidad incluyendo las categorías excluidas. Metodología: El presente estudio es una revisión de BD de mortalidad en el Ecuador. El periodo analizado enero 1990 ­diciembre 2016, usando las BD de mortalidad en el Ecuador disponible en el sitio web del INEC. Se sumaron las categorías a las enfermedades oncológicas excluidas, según el CIE-10que le INEC no consideró como enfermedad oncológica. Resultados: La mortalidad en el Ecuador de las enfermedades oncológicas, presentada como porcentaje acumulado de 10.25% en el año 1990 y tiene un incremento progresivo hasta un 14.8% en el año 2016, lo que constituye la primera causa de muerte en todos los años del estudio. Conclusiones: El cáncer es la primera causa de muerte, no sólo debido al aporte de determinadas provincias, sino un fenómeno más amplio, posiblemente en todo el territorio del Ecuador, lo cual se asocia posiblemente a un cambio epidemiológico que corresponde a la modernidad

Introduction: The application of the 6-61 classification system to obtain the mortality rate within the statistics of the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC) has an accounting bias in the different pathologies: in particular cases it includes categories and subcategories of diseases Oncological and in other cases excludes the categories and only the subcategory is counted, for this reason, the present database study (BD) was proposed to obtain the true mortality rate including the excluded categories. Methodology: The present study is a review of the mortality database in Ecuador. The period analyzed January 1990 -December 2016, using the mortality database in Ecuador available on the INEC website. The categories were added to the excluded oncological diseases, according to the ICD-10, which the INEC did not consider as oncological disease. Results: Mortality in Ecuador from oncological diseases, presented as a cumulative percentage of 10.25% in 1990 and has a progressive increase up to 14.8% in 2016, which constitutes the first cause of death in all years of the study. Conclusions: Cancer is the leading cause of death, not only due to the contribution of certain provinces, but also a broader phenomenon, possibly throughout the entire territory of Ecuador, which is possibly associated with an epidemiological change that corresponds to modernity

Existe beneficio en la adición de Trasplante de Progenitores Hematopoyéticos a pacientes con Mieloma Múltiple que reciben Lenalidomida en la fase de mantenimiento? / Is there benefit in adding Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation to patients with Multiple Myeloma who receive Lenalidomide in the maintenance phase?

Introducción: La controversia en el beneficio de la adición de trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos a pacientes que reciben Lenalidomida en la fase de mantenimiento de pacientes con MielomaMúltiple está en pleno debate en la comunidad científicapor lo que el objetivo del presenteestudio fue medir la supervivencia en un grupo de pacientesen estas condiciones. Métodos:El estudio tipo observacional analítico realizado con pacientes oncológicos ingresados en el Hospital SOLCA durante el periodo de enero del 2014-mayo del 2018.Con una muestra no probabilística se seleccionaron pacientescon Mieloma Múltiple,mayores de 18 años en cuyo tratamientose incluyeLenalidomida.Grupo 1(G1): pacientes con trasplante de médula ósea, Grupo 2: pacientes no candidatos a trasplante de médula ósea.Las variablesdemográficas, clínicasdescriptivas (ISS, ECOG), supervivenciacomo variable principaly efectos secundarios.se realizó el análisis de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meyer. Resultados:Se incluyeron 23 casos en G1y 26 casos en G2.La edad en G1 53 años (Rango38-70), en G2:65 años (Rango 46-85)P=0.13. En G1 fueron 12/23(52%) hombres,en G2 fueron 15/26 (57%) P=0.93. ISS grado II 11/23(48%) en G1 y 10/26(38%) en G2 P=0.51. ECOG 2 en G1:12/23(52%) y en G2 16/26 (32%) en G2 P=0.51. La supervivencia Libre de progresión en el Grupo 1-TPH a los 24 meses de seguimientofue del 98%,en el Grupo 2 no Candidato a TPH a los 24 meses de seguimiento fue de 82%, Logrank test P=0.023.X2=5.192.La supervivencia global en el Grupo 1-TPH a los 24 meses de seguimientofue del 100%,en el Grupo 2 no Candidato a TPH a los 24 meses de seguimiento fue de 90%, Logrank test P=0.17.X2=1.846. Conclusión:En el presente estudio se demostró que la sobrevida libre de progresión es mayor en el grupo de pacientes con Mieloma Múltiple sometidos a Trasplante de Progenitores Hematopoyéticos versus el grupo de pacientes con Mieloma Múltiple que no son candidatos a Trasplante. La sobrevida global es igual en ambos grupos.

Introduction: The controversy on the benefit of adding hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to patients receiving Lenalidomide in the maintenance phase of patients with Multiple Myeloma is in full debate in the scientific community, so the objective of this study was to measure survival in a group of patients in these conditions. Methods: This analytical observational study carried out with cancer patients admitted to the SOLCA Hospital during the period of January 2014-May 2018. With a non-probabilistic sample, patients with Multiple Myeloma, older than 18 years, were selected in whose treatment Lenalidomide is included. Group 1 (G1): patients with bone marrow transplantation, Group 2: patients not candidates for bone marrow transplantation. The demographic, descriptive clinical variables (ISS, ECOG), survival as the main variable and secondary effects. Kaplan-Meyer survival analysis was performed. Results:23 cases were included in G1 and 26 cases in G2. Age in G1 53 years (Range 38-70), in G2: 65 years (Range 46-85) P = 0.13. In G1 they were 12/23 (52%) men, in G2 they were 15/26 (57%) P = 0.93. ISS grade II 11/23 (48%) in G1 and 10/26 (38%) in G2 P = 0.51. ECOG 2 in G1: 12/23 (52%) and in G2 16/26 (32%) in G2 P = 0.51. Progression-free survival in Group 1-HSCT at 24 months of follow-up was 98%, in Group 2 not Candidate for HSCT at 24 months of follow-up it was 82%, LogRank test P = 0.023. X2 = 5.192. Overall survival in Group 1-HSCT at 24 months of follow-up was 100%, in Group 2 not Candidate for HSCT at 24 months of follow-up it was 90%, LogRank test P = 0.17. X2 = 1.846. Conclusion:In the present study, it was demonstrated that progression-free survival is higher in the group of patients with Multiple Myeloma who underwent Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation versus the group of patients with Multiple Myeloma who are not candidates for Transplantation. Overall survival is the same in both groups.

Mola invasiva en adolescente de 13 años. Aspectos fundamentales del diagnóstico y tratamiento / Invasive mola in 13-year-old girl. Fundamental aspects in diagnosis and treatment

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La neoplasia gestacional trofoblástica es un tumor raro, derivado de la gestación que procede de un desarrollo anormal del tejido trofoblástico. Incluye cuatro variedades, entre las que se encuentra la mola invasiva y el coriocarcinoma. Puede tener diferentes grados de proliferación; el diagnóstico diferencial es decisivo porque influye directamente en el tratamiento. Las molas premalignas suelen tratarse con legrado uterino, las malignas requieren tratamiento sistémico con mono o poliquimioterapia. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 13 años, hospitalizada debido a un cuadro de vómitos y dolor abdominal. Durante el internamiento se le practicaron estudios complementarios: determinación de la fracción β de la gonadotropina coriónica humana (β-hCG) y tomografía axial computada para plantear el diagnóstico diferencial. El diagnóstico definitivo lo aportó la biopsia obtenida mediante legrado. El tratamiento se basó en la poliquimioterapia. En la actualidad está en remisión completa de la enfermedad. CONCLUSIONES: Resulta imprescindible detectar lo más temprano posible la gestación anómala, entender perfectamente su evolución e importancia de la anticoncepción mientras se trata y la enfermedad desaparece y minimizar la cantidad de pacientes que deben recibir quimioterapia.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is a rare tumor that originates from pregnancy and it develop from anormal proliferation of trophoblastic tissue. It includes four varieties, including invasive mole and choriocarcinoma. They can present different degrees of proliferation, being essential differential diagnosis since it directly influences the treatment. Premalignant moles are usually treated by suction curettage while malignant forms require systemic therapy with mono or polychemotherapy. OBJECTIVE: Report the case, paying special attention to the differential diagnosis and treatment used, analyzing the reasons why polychemotherapy is established and describing the different possible options, based on current scientific evidence. CLINICAL CASE: We present the case of an invasive mola in a 13-year-old patient hospitalized by vomiting and abdominal pain. During this period, complementary techniques such as the determination of the β fraction of the human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) or computed tomography (CT) are required to establish the differential diagnosis. Finally, the definitive diagnosis is provided by the biopsy obtained by curettage. Treatment is instituted with the pattern of polychemotherapy being, currently, with complete remission of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, it is essential to detect anomalous gestation early, to understand perfectly the evolution of this entity, the importance of contraception during its resolution, and to minimize patients susceptible to chemotherapy.

Trends of maxillofacial trauma: An update from the prospective register of a multicenter study in emergency services of Chile

Background: Determine the behavior of the maxillofacial trauma of adults treated in 3 tertiary care centers in the central zone of Chile. Material and Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study, based on the prospective records of maxillofacial trauma cases attended between May 2016 and April 2017 by dental and maxillofacial clinical teams of Adult Emergency Units of hospitals Dr. Sótero del Río (metropolitan region), Carlos Van Buren and Dr. Gustavo Fricke (region V). Age, sex, date of occurrence, type of trauma according to ICD-10, etiology, legal medical prognosis and associated injuries were recorded, stratifying by sex and age. Chi square and unpaired Wilcoxon tests were used to compare by groups. Results: 2.485 cases and 3.285 injuries were investigated. The male: female ratio was 1.7: 1 with age under 30 predominant, followed by older adults. Variability was observed in the yearly, weekly and daily presentation The highest frequencies were in January and September, weekends and at night. The main etiologies were violence (42.3%), falls (13.1%) and road traffic crashes (12.9%) with differences by age and sex (p <0.05). 31,9% of the injuries occurred in hard tissue, being fractures in nasal bones predominant (S02.2). Conclusions: the profile of the maxillofacial trauma in Chile seems to be mixed by age, affecting young people and the elderly. The male sex predominates; the main cause, which varies by age group, is violence. Their surveillance is possible from hospital emergency records

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Student nurses at Spanish universities and their attitude toward xenotransplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Recent immunological and transgenic advances are a promising alternative using limited materials of human origin for transplantation. However, it is essential to achieve social acceptance of this therapy. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the attitude of nursing students from Spanish universities toward organ xenotransplantation (XTx) and to determine the factors affecting their attitude. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Type of study: A sociological, multicentre, and observational study. STUDY POPULATION: Nursing students enrolled in Spain (n = 28,000). SAMPLE SIZE: A sample of 10 566 students estimating a proportion of 76% (99% confidence and precision of ±1%), stratified by geographical area and year of study. Instrument of measurement: A validated questionnaire (PCID-XenoTx-RIOS) was handed out to every student in a compulsory session. This survey was self-administered and self-completed voluntarily and anonymously by each student in a period of 5-10 min. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: descriptive analysis, Student's t test, the chi-square test, and a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A completion rate: 84% (n = 8913) was obtained. If the results of XTx were as good as in human donation, 74% (n = 6564) would be in favor and 22% (n = 1946) would have doubts. The following variables affected this attitude: age (P < 0.001); sex (P < 0.001); geographical location (P < 0.001); academic year of study (P < 0.001); attitude toward organ donation (P < 0.001); belief in the possibility of needing a transplant (P < 0.001); discussion of transplantation with one's family (P < 0.001) and friends (P < 0.001); and the opinion of one's partner (P < 0.001). The following variables persisted in the multivariate analysis: being a male (OR = 1.436; P < 0.001); geographical location (OR = 1.937; P < 0.001); an attitude in favor of donation (OR = 1.519; P < 0.001); belief in the possibility of needing a transplant (OR = 1.497; P = 0.036); and having spoken about the issue with family (OR = 1.351; P < 0.001) or friends (OR = 1.240; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The attitude of nursing students toward organ XTx is favorable and is associated with factors of general knowledge about organ donation and transplantation and social interaction.

Disección aórtica aguda tipo A en gestante de 33 semanas afectada del síndrome de Marfan / Acute type A aortic dissection in a woman at 33 weeks of pregnancy with Marfan syndrome

La disección aórtica es una patología que se presenta raramente en mujeres jóvenes, pero cuando ocurre suele ocurrir con mayor frecuencia durante el embarazo, sobre todo en el tercer trimestre. El síndrome de Marfan, otras colagenopatías, la hipertensión crónica, el abuso de cocaína y la coartación de aorta son factores predisponentes a su aparición.Presentamos un caso de una gestante afectada del síndrome de Marfan que debutó en la semana 33 con una disección aórtica aguda que requirió una cesárea urgente previa al reemplazo de la aorta ascendente. Ambos, madre y recién nacidos, fueron dados de alta sin incidencias (AU)

Although aortic dissection is uncommon in young women, it occurs more frequently during pregnancy, especially in the last trimester. Predisposing factors for aortic dissection are Marfan syndrome and other collagen diseases, chronic hypertension, aortic coarctation and cocaine abuse.We report a case of acute aortic dissection in a woman in the 33rd week of pregnancy with Marfan syndrome. After cesarean section, the ascendant aorta was replaced. Both mother and infant were discharged in good physical health (AU)

[Gonadoblastoma in Swyer syndrome]. / Gonadoblastoma en un síndrome de Swyer.

Swyer's syndrome is a pure gonadal dysgenesis with female external genitalia. A likely complication is the appearance of tumour's dysgenetic gonads. This paper studies a case report of gonadoblastoma in a female patient with this syndrome.