Novel selective inhibitors of macropinocytosis-dependent growth in pancreatic ductal carcinoma.

Macropinocytosis is a cellular process that enables cells to engulf extracellular material, such as nutrients, growth factors, and even whole cells. It is involved in several physiological functions as well as pathological conditions. In cancer cells, macropinocytosis plays a crucial role in promoting tumor growth and survival under nutrient-limited conditions. In particular KRAS mutations have been identified as main drivers of macropinocytosis in pancreatic, breast, and non-small cell lung cancers. We performed a high-content screening to identify inhibitors of macropinocytosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)-derived cells, aiming to prevent nutrient scavenging of PDAC tumors. The screening campaign was conducted in a well-known pancreatic KRAS-mutated cell line (MIAPaCa-2) cultured under nutrient deprivation and using FITC-dextran to precisely quantify macropinocytosis. We assembled a collection of 3584 small molecules, including drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), drug-like molecules against molecular targets, kinase-targeted compounds, and molecules designed to hamper protein-protein interactions. We identified 28 molecules that inhibited macropinocytosis, with potency ranging from 0.4 to 29.9 µM (EC50). A few of them interfered with other endocytic pathways, while 11 compounds did not and were therefore considered specific "bona fide" macropinocytosis inhibitors and further characterized. Four compounds (Ivermectin, Tyrphostin A9, LY2090314, and Pyrvinium Pamoate) selectively hampered nutrient scavenging in KRAS-mutated cancer cells. Their ability to impair albumin-dependent proliferation was replicated both in different 2D cell culture systems and 3D organotypic models. These findings provide a new set of compounds specifically targeting macropinocytosis, which could have therapeutic applications in cancer and infectious diseases.

Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) cells viability is dependent on C-rich telomeric RNAs.

Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomere maintenance mechanism activated in ~10-15% of cancers, characterized by telomeric damage. Telomeric damage-induced long non-coding RNAs (dilncRNAs) are transcribed at dysfunctional telomeres and contribute to telomeric DNA damage response (DDR) activation and repair. Here we observed that telomeric dilncRNAs are preferentially elevated in ALT cells. Inhibition of C-rich (teloC) dilncRNAs with antisense oligonucleotides leads to DNA replication stress responses, increased genomic instability, and apoptosis induction selectively in ALT cells. Cell death is dependent on DNA replication and is increased by DNA replication stress. Mechanistically, teloC dilncRNA inhibition reduces RAD51 and 53BP1 recruitment to telomeres, boosts the engagement of BIR machinery, and increases C-circles and telomeric sister chromatid exchanges, without increasing telomeric non-S phase synthesis. These results indicate that teloC dilncRNA is necessary for a coordinated recruitment of DDR factors to ALT telomeres and it is essential for ALT cancer cells survival.

GTF2I dosage regulates neuronal differentiation and social behavior in 7q11.23 neurodevelopmental disorders.

Copy number variations at 7q11.23 cause neurodevelopmental disorders with shared and opposite manifestations. Deletion causes Williams-Beuren syndrome featuring hypersociability, while duplication causes 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome (7Dup), frequently exhibiting autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Converging evidence indicates GTF2I as key mediator of the cognitive-behavioral phenotypes, yet its role in cortical development and behavioral hallmarks remains largely unknown. We integrated proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of patient-derived cortical organoids, including longitudinally at single-cell resolution, to dissect 7q11.23 dosage-dependent and GTF2I-specific disease mechanisms. We observed dosage-dependent impaired dynamics of neural progenitor proliferation, transcriptional imbalances, and highly specific alterations in neuronal output, leading to precocious excitatory neuron production in 7Dup, which was rescued by restoring physiological GTF2I levels. Transgenic mice with Gtf2i duplication recapitulated progenitor proliferation and neuronal differentiation defects alongside ASD-like behaviors. Consistently, inhibition of lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1), a GTF2I effector, was sufficient to rescue ASD-like phenotypes in transgenic mice, establishing GTF2I-LSD1 axis as a molecular pathway amenable to therapeutic intervention in ASD.

Novel pyridine-containing histone deacetylase inhibitors strongly arrest proliferation, induce apoptosis and modulate miRNAs in cancer cells.

After over 30 years of research, the development of HDAC inhibitors led to five FDA/Chinese FDA-approved drugs and many others under clinical or preclinical investigation to treat cancer and non-cancer diseases. Herein, based on our recent development of pyridine-based isomers as HDAC inhibitors, we report a series of novel 5-acylamino-2-pyridylacrylic- and -picolinic hydroxamates and 2'-aminoanilides 5-8 as anticancer agents. The hydroxamate 5d proved to be quite HDAC3/6-selective exhibiting IC50 values of 80 and 11 nM, respectively, whereas the congener 5e behaved as inhibitor of HDAC1-3, -6, -8, and -10 (class I/IIb-selective inhibitor) at nanomolar level. Compound 5e provided a huge antiproliferative activity (nanomolar IC50 values) against both haematological and solid cancer cell lines. In leukaemia U937 cells, the hydroxamate 5d and the 2'-aminoanilide 8f induced remarkable cell death after 48 h, with 76% and 100% pre-G1 phase arrest, respectively, showing a stronger effect with respect to SAHA and MS-275 used as reference compounds. In U937 cells, the highest dose- and time-dependent cytodifferentiation was obtained by the 2'-aminoanilide 8d (up to 35% of CD11c positive/propidium iodide negative cells at 5 µM for 48 h). The same 8d and the hydroxamates 5d and 5e were the most effective in inducing p21 protein expression in the same cell line. Mechanistically, 5d, 5e, 8d and 8f increased mRNA expression of p21, BAX and BAK, downregulated cyclin D1 and BCL-2 and modulated pro- and anti-apoptotic microRNAs towards apoptosis induction. Finally, 5e strongly arrested proliferation in nine different haematological cancer cell lines, with dual-digit nanomolar potency towards MV4-11, Kasumi-1, and NB4, being more potent than mocetinostat, used as reference drug.

LSD1-directed therapy affects glioblastoma tumorigenicity by deregulating the protective ATF4-dependent integrated stress response.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal tumor whose aggressiveness, heterogeneity, poor blood-brain barrier penetration, and resistance to therapy highlight the need for new targets and clinical treatments. A step toward clinical translation includes the eradication of GBM tumor-initiating cells (TICs), responsible for GBM heterogeneity and relapse. By using patient-derived TICs and xenograft orthotopic models, we demonstrated that the selective lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 inhibitor DDP_38003 (LSD1i) is able to penetrate the brain parenchyma in vivo in preclinical models, is well tolerated, and exerts antitumor activity in molecularly different GBMs. LSD1 genetic targeting further strengthens the role of LSD1 in GBM TIC maintenance. GBM TIC plasticity supports their adaptation and survival under a plethora of environmental stresses, including nutrient deficiency and proteostasis perturbation. By mimicking these stresses in vitro, we found that LSD1 inhibition hampers the induction of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), the master regulator of the integrated stress response (ISR). The resulting aberrant ISR sensitizes GBM TICs to stress-induced cell death, hampering tumor aggressiveness. Functionally, LSD1i interferes with LSD1 scaffolding function and prevents its interaction with CREBBP, a critical ATF4 activator. By disrupting the interaction between CREBBP and LSD1-ATF4 axis, LSD1 inhibition prevents GBM TICs from overcoming stress and sustaining GBM progression. The effectiveness of the LSD1 inhibition in preclinical models shown here places a strong rationale toward its clinical translation for GBM treatment.

Novel Pyridine-Based Hydroxamates and 2'-Aminoanilides as Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Biochemical Profile and Anticancer Activity.

Starting from the N-hydroxy-3-(4-(2-phenylbutanoyl)amino)phenyl)acrylamide (5 b) previously described by us as a HDAC inhibitor, we prepared four aza-analogues, 6-8, 9 b, as regioisomers containing the pyridine nucleus. Preliminary screening against mHDAC1 highlighted the N-hydroxy-5-(2-(2-phenylbutanoyl)amino)pyridyl)acrylamide (9 b) as the most potent inhibitor. Thus, we further developed both pyridylacrylic- and nicotinic-based hydroxamates (9 a, 9 c-f, and 11 a-f) and 2'-aminoanilides (10 a-f and 12 a-f), related to 9 b, to be tested against HDACs. Among them, the nicotinic hydroxamate 11 d displayed sub-nanomolar potency (IC50 : 0.5 nM) and selectivity up to 34 000 times that of HDAC4 and from 100 to 1300 times that of all the other tested HDAC isoforms. The 2'-aminoanilides were class I-selective HDAC inhibitors, generally more potent against HDAC3, with the nicotinic anilide 12 d being the most effective (IC50HDAC3 =0.113 µM). When tested in U937 leukemia cells, the hydroxamates 9 e, 11 c, and 11 d blocked over 80 % of cells in G2/M phase, whereas the anilides did not alter cell-cycle progress. In the same cell line, the hydroxamate 11 c and the anilide 10 b induced about 30 % apoptosis, and the anilide 12 c displayed about 40 % cytodifferentiation. Finally, the most potent compounds in leukemia cells 9 b, 11 c, 10 b, 10 e, and 12 c were also tested in K562, HCT116, and A549 cancer cells, displaying antiproliferative IC50 values at single-digit to sub-micromolar level.

High-throughput screening identifies histone deacetylase inhibitors that modulate GTF2I expression in 7q11.23 microduplication autism spectrum disorder patient-derived cortical neurons.

BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental condition affecting almost 1% of children, and represents a major unmet medical need with no effective drug treatment available. Duplication at 7q11.23 (7Dup), encompassing 26-28 genes, is one of the best characterized ASD-causing copy number variations and offers unique translational opportunities, because the hemideletion of the same interval causes Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), a condition defined by hypersociability and language strengths, thereby providing a unique reference to validate treatments for the ASD symptoms. In the above-indicated interval at 7q11.23, defined as WBS critical region, several genes, such as GTF2I, BAZ1B, CLIP2 and EIF4H, emerged as critical for their role in the pathogenesis of WBS and 7Dup both from mouse models and human studies. METHODS: We performed a high-throughput screening of 1478 compounds, including central nervous system agents, epigenetic modulators and experimental substances, on patient-derived cortical glutamatergic neurons differentiated from our cohort of induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSCs), monitoring the transcriptional modulation of WBS interval genes, with a special focus on GTF2I, in light of its overriding pathogenic role. The hits identified were validated by measuring gene expression by qRT-PCR and the results were confirmed by western blotting. RESULTS: We identified and selected three histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) that decreased the abnormal expression level of GTF2I in 7Dup cortical glutamatergic neurons differentiated from four genetically different iPSC lines. We confirmed this effect also at the protein level. LIMITATIONS: In this study, we did not address the molecular mechanisms whereby HDAC inhibitors act on GTF2I. The lead compounds identified will now need to be advanced to further testing in additional models, including patient-derived brain organoids and mouse models recapitulating the gene imbalances of the 7q11.23 microduplication, in order to validate their efficacy in rescuing phenotypes across multiple functional layers within a translational pipeline towards clinical use. CONCLUSIONS: These results represent a unique opportunity for the development of a specific class of compounds for treating 7Dup and other forms of intellectual disability and autism.

Discovery of Reversible Inhibitors of KDM1A Efficacious in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Models.

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1 or KDM1A) is a FAD-dependent enzyme that acts as a transcription corepressor or coactivator by regulating the methylation status of histone H3 lysines K4 and K9, respectively. KDM1A represents an attractive target for cancer therapy. While, in the past, the main medicinal chemistry strategy toward KDM1A inhibition was based on the optimization of ligands that irreversibly bind the FAD cofactor within the enzyme catalytic site, we and others have also identified reversible inhibitors. Herein we reported the discovery of 5-imidazolylthieno[3,2-b]pyrroles, a new series of KDM1A inhibitors endowed with picomolar inhibitory potency, active in cells and efficacious after oral administration in murine leukemia models.

Targeting the scaffolding role of LSD1 (KDM1A) poises acute myeloid leukemia cells for retinoic acid-induced differentiation.

The histone demethylase LSD1 is deregulated in several tumors, including leukemias, providing the rationale for the clinical use of LSD1 inhibitors. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), pharmacological doses of retinoic acid (RA) induce differentiation of APL cells, triggering degradation of the PML-RAR oncogene. APL cells are resistant to LSD1 inhibition or knockout, but targeting LSD1 sensitizes them to physiological doses of RA without altering of PML-RAR levels, and extends survival of leukemic mice upon RA treatment. The combination of RA with LSD1 inhibition (or knockout) is also effective in other non-APL, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Nonenzymatic activities of LSD1 are essential to block differentiation, while RA with targeting of LSD1 releases a differentiation gene expression program, not strictly dependent on changes in histone H3K4 methylation. Integration of proteomic/epigenomic/mutational studies showed that LSD1 inhibitors alter the recruitment of LSD1-containing complexes to chromatin, inhibiting the interaction between LSD1 and the transcription factor GFI1.

Tranylcypromine-Based LSD1 Inhibitors: Structure-Activity Relationships, Antiproliferative Effects in Leukemia, and Gene Target Modulation.

LSD1 is a lysine demethylase highly involved in initiation and development of cancer. To design highly effective covalent inhibitors, a strategy is to fill its large catalytic cleft by designing tranylcypromine (TCP) analogs decorated with long, hindered substituents. We prepared three series of TCP analogs, carrying aroyl- and arylacetylamino (1 a-h), Z-amino acylamino (2 a-o), or double-substituted benzamide (3 a-n) residues at the C4 or C3 position of the phenyl ring. Further fragments obtained by chemical manipulation applied on the TCP scaffold (compounds 4 a-i) were also prepared. When tested against LSD1, most of 1 and 3 exhibited IC50 values in the low nanomolar range, with 1 e and 3 a,d,f,g being also the most selective respect to monoamine oxidases. In MV4-11 AML and NB4 APL cells compounds 3 were the most potent, displaying up to sub-micromolar cell growth inhibition against both cell lines (3 a) or against NB4 cells (3 c). The most potent compounds in cellular assays were also able to induce the expression of LSD1 target genes, such as GFI-1b, ITGAM, and KCTD12, as functional read-out for LSD1 inhibition. Mouse and human intrinsic clearance data highlighted the high metabolic stability of compounds 3 a, 3 d and 3 g. Further studies will be performed on the new compounds 3 a and 3 c to assess their anticancer potential in different cancer contexts.

New 6- and 7-heterocyclyl-1H-indole derivatives as potent tubulin assembly and cancer cell growth inhibitors.

We designed new 3-arylthio- and 3-aroyl-1H-indole derivatives 3-22 bearing a heterocyclic ring at position 5, 6 or 7 of the indole nucleus. The 6- and 7-heterocyclyl-1H-indoles showed potent inhibition of tubulin polymerization, binding of colchicine to tubulin and growth of MCF-7 cancer cells. Compounds 13 and 19 inhibited a panel of cancer cells and the NCI/ADR-RES multidrug resistant cell line at low nanomolar concentrations. Compound 13 at 50 nM induced 77% G2/M in HeLa cells, and at 20 nM caused 50% stable arrest of mitosis. As an inhibitor of HepG2 cells (IC50 = 20 nM), 13 was 4-fold superior to 19. Compound 13 was a potent inhibitor of the human U87MG glioblastoma cells at nanomolar concentrations, being nearly one order of magnitude superior to previously reported arylthioindoles. The present results highlight 13 as a robust scaffold for the design of new anticancer agents.

Novel potent inhibitors of the histone demethylase KDM1A (LSD1), orally active in a murine promyelocitic leukemia model.

BACKGROUND: Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) are well-recognized targets in oncology drug discovery. They function at the post-translation level controlling chromatin conformation and gene transcription. KDM1A is a flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent amine oxidase, overexpressed in several tumor types, including acute myeloid leukemia, neuroblastoma and non-small-cell lung cancer. Among the many known monoamine oxidase inhibitors screened for KDM1A inhibition, tranylcypromine emerged as a moderately active hit, which irreversibly binds to the flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor. MATERIAL & METHODS: The KDM1A inhibitors 5a-w were synthesized and tested in vitro and in vivo. The biochemical potency was determined, modulation of target in cells was demonstrated on KDM1A-dependent genes and the anti-clonogenic activity was performed in murine acute promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) blasts. An in vivo efficacy experiment was conducted using an established murine promyelocytic leukemia model. RESULTS: We report a new series of tranylcypromine derivatives substituted on the cyclopropyl moiety, endowed with high potency in both biochemical and cellular assays. CONCLUSION: The most interesting derivative (5a) significantly improved survival rate after oral administration in a murine model of promyelocitic leukemia.

3-Aroyl-1,4-diarylpyrroles Inhibit Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cell Growth through an Interaction with Tubulin.

We designed 3-aroyl-1,4-diarylpyrrole (ARDAP) derivatives as potential anticancer agents having different substituents at the 1- or 4-phenyl ring. ARDAP compounds exhibited potent inhibition of tubulin polymerization, binding of colchicine to tubulin, and cancer cell growth. ARDAP derivative 10 inhibited the proliferation of BCR/ABL-expressing KU812 and LAMA84 cells from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in blast crisis and of hematopoietic cells ectopically expressing the imatinib mesylate (IM)-sensitive KBM5-WT or its IM-resistant KBM5-T315I mutation. Compound 10 minimally affected the proliferation of normal blood cells, indicating that it may be a promising agent to overcome broad tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in relapsed/refractory CML patients. Compound 10 significantly decreased CML proliferation by inducing G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis via a mitochondria-dependent pathway. ARDAP 10 augmented the cytotoxic effects of IM in human CML cells. Compound 10 represents a robust lead compound to develop tubulin inhibitors with potential as novel treatments for CML.

Thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamides as New Reversible Inhibitors of Histone Lysine Demethylase KDM1A/LSD1. Part 1: High-Throughput Screening and Preliminary Exploration.

Lysine specific demethylase 1 KDM1A (LSD1) regulates histone methylation and it is increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic target in oncology. We report on a high-throughput screening campaign performed on KDM1A/CoREST, using a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) technology, to identify reversible inhibitors. The screening led to 115 hits for which we determined biochemical IC50, thus identifying four chemical series. After data analysis, we have prioritized the chemical series of N-phenyl-4H-thieno[3, 2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamide for which we obtained X-ray structures of the most potent hit (compound 19, IC50 = 2.9 µM) in complex with the enzyme. Initial expansion of this chemical class, both modifying core structure and decorating benzamide moiety, was directed toward the definition of the moieties responsible for the interaction with the enzyme. Preliminary optimization led to compound 90, which inhibited the enzyme with a submicromolar IC50 (0.162 µM), capable of inhibiting the target in cells.

Thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamides as New Reversible Inhibitors of Histone Lysine Demethylase KDM1A/LSD1. Part 2: Structure-Based Drug Design and Structure-Activity Relationship.

The balance of methylation levels at histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) is regulated by KDM1A (LSD1). KDM1A is overexpressed in several tumor types, thus representing an emerging target for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. We have previously described ( Part 1, DOI 10.1021.acs.jmedchem.6b01018 ) the identification of thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxamides as novel reversible inhibitors of KDM1A, whose preliminary exploration resulted in compound 2 with biochemical IC50 = 160 nM. We now report the structure-guided optimization of this chemical series based on multiple ligand/KDM1A-CoRest cocrystal structures, which led to several extremely potent inhibitors. In particular, compounds 46, 49, and 50 showed single-digit nanomolar IC50 values for in vitro inhibition of KDM1A, with high selectivity in secondary assays. In THP-1 cells, these compounds transcriptionally affected the expression of genes regulated by KDM1A such as CD14, CD11b, and CD86. Moreover, 49 and 50 showed a remarkable anticlonogenic cell growth effect on MLL-AF9 human leukemia cells.

Dual modulation of MCL-1 and mTOR determines the response to sunitinib.

Most patients who initially respond to treatment with the multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib eventually relapse. Therefore, developing a deeper understanding of the contribution of sunitinib's numerous targets to the clinical response or to resistance is crucial. Here, we have shown that cancer cells respond to clinically relevant doses of sunitinib by enhancing the stability of the antiapoptotic protein MCL-1 and inducing mTORC1 signaling, thus evoking little cytotoxicity. Inhibition of MCL-1 or mTORC1 signaling sensitized cells to clinically relevant doses of sunitinib in vitro and was synergistic with sunitinib in impairing tumor growth in vivo, indicating that these responses are triggered as prosurvival mechanisms that enable cells to tolerate the cytotoxic effects of sunitinib. Furthermore, higher doses of sunitinib were cytotoxic, triggered a decline in MCL-1 levels, and inhibited mTORC1 signaling. Mechanistically, we determined that sunitinib modulates MCL-1 stability by affecting its proteasomal degradation. Dual modulation of MCL-1 stability at different dose ranges of sunitinib was due to differential effects on ERK and GSK3ß activity, and the latter also accounted for dual modulation of mTORC1 activity. Finally, comparison of patient samples prior to and following sunitinib treatment suggested that increases in MCL-1 levels and mTORC1 activity correlate with resistance to sunitinib in patients.

Compounds and methods for inhibiting histone demethylases: a patent evaluation of US20160102096A1.

The Jumonji C (JmjC) domain containing histone lysine demethylases have a clear role both in the development and in some diseases including inflammation and cancer. The histone lysine demethylases represent an attractive target for the identification of therapeutic agents and the pyridine derivatives are a scaffolds largely investigated for the identification and development of inhibitors of enzymes of the Jumonji family. This commentary is a scientific evaluation of a patent application US20160102096A1 that describes novel pyridine derivatives in which the introduction of specific substituents is used to modulate the selectivity profile of the inhibitors.

Synthesis, biological characterization and molecular modeling insights of spirochromanes as potent HDAC inhibitors.

In the last decades, inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) have become an important class of anti-cancer agents. In a previous study we described the synthesis of spiro[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]hydroxamic acid derivatives able to inhibit histone deacetylase enzymes. Herein, we present our exploration for new derivatives by replacing the piperidine moiety with various cycloamines. The goal was to obtain highly potent compounds with a good in vitro ADME profile. In addition, molecular modeling studies unravelled the binding mode of these inhibitors.

Discovery of a Novel Inhibitor of Histone Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1A (KDM1A/LSD1) as Orally Active Antitumor Agent.

We report the stereoselective synthesis and biological activity of a novel series of tranylcypromine (TCPA) derivatives (14a-k, 15, 16), potent inhibitors of KDM1A. The new compounds strongly inhibit the clonogenic potential of acute leukemia cell lines. In particular three molecules (14d, 14e, and 14g) showing selectivity versus MAO A and remarkably inhibiting colony formation in THP-1 human leukemia cells, were assessed in mouse for their preliminary pharmacokinetic. 14d and 14e were further tested in vivo in a murine acute promyelocytic leukemia model, resulting 14d the most effective. Its two enantiomers were synthesized: the (1S,2R) enantiomer 15 showed higher activity than its (1R,2S) analogue 16, in both biochemical and cellular assays. Compound 15 exhibited in vivo efficacy after oral administration, determining a 62% increased survival in mouse leukemia model with evidence of KDM1A inhibition. The biological profile of compound 15 supports its further investigation as a cancer therapeutic.