Evaluating Diagnostic Efficiency of Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems proposed by the American College of Radiology in Surgically Resected Thyroid Nodules.

AIM: Thyroid nodules are one of the most common clinical findings, with a prevalence of 68% in adults. Thyroid cancer is the fifth most common cancer in women. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems proposed by the American College of Radiology (ACR-TIRADS) for the diagnosis of malignancy in surgically resected thyroid nodules. METHODS: In this retrospective study, patients who underwent thyroid nodules resected surgically from 2018-2020 were included. Before resection, an ultrasound was performed for TIRADS scores, and after resection histopathology, thyroid mass was obtained. The outcomes of the two systems were statistically compared. RESULTS: The mean age of the 146 included patients was 47.6 ± 14.08 years, of which 109 (74.7%) were female. Based on TIRADS, 47 patients (32.2%) were in TI-RADS TR3, 36 patients (24.7%) were in TIRADS TR2, 34 (23.3%) in TIRADS 4, 24 (16.4%) in TIRADS TR5 and 5 patients (3.4%) were in TIRADS TR1. The overall sensitivity was 79.9% when ACR-TIRADS TR4 was set as a diagnostic cutoff value. Considering the total of TIRADS TR4 and TIRADS TR5 as predictors of thyroid malignancy, the sensitivity was 74.5% and the specificity was 76.8%. The positive and negative predictive value was 60.3% and 76.8%. CONCLUSION: ACR-TIRADS 4 and 5 can be considered good predictors of malignancy in thyroid nodules. More studies, including larger samples, are required to obtain a better conclusion.

Blocking the dopaminergic receptors in the hippocampal dentate gyrus reduced the stress-induced analgesia in persistent inflammatory pain in the rat.

Although the dentate gyrus (DG) as a component of the hippocampal formation has been well known for its role in memory, various studies showed a diverse population of unique cell types and various inputs and outputs in this region. Besides, brain dopamine is known for its roles in reward, motivation, pleasure, and being involved in the pain process. Further, previous studies demonstrated the participation of DG dopaminergic receptors in antinociception induced by lateral hypothalamus stimulation. This study aimed to investigate the role of DG dopaminergic receptors (D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors) in stress-induced analgesia (SIA) using the formalin test as a persistent inflammatory pain model. One hundred two male Wistar rats were unilaterally implanted with a cannula into the DG. Animals received an intra-DG infusion of SCH23390 (0.25, 1, and 4 µg/rat), or Sulpiride (0.25, 1, and 4 µg/rat) as D1- and D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists, respectively, five min before exposure to forced swim stress (FSS). Ten minutes after FSS termination, 2.5% formalin solution as an inflammatory agent was subcutaneously injected into the plantar surface of the hind paw, and the pain score was quantified for one hour. The findings revealed that exposure to FSS produced SIA, though this FSS-induced analgesia was attenuated in the early and late phase of the formalin test by intra-DG microinjection of SCH23390 or Sulpiride. These results suggested that both D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors in the DG have a considerable role in analgesia induced by FSS.