ABSTRACT
There are multiple mechanisms by which The Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) infection can cause electrolyte abnormalities, which may not be the case for bacterial causes of pneumonia. This study aimed to assess the differences in electrolyte levels between patients suffering from COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia. This is an original, retrospective study. Two cohorts of hospitalized patients were included, 1 suffering from COVID-19 and the other from bacterial pneumonia. Their day 1 and day 3 levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus, as well as their outcomes, were extracted from the charts. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed. Mean admission levels of sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium were 135.64â ±â 6.13, 4.38â ±â 0.69, 3.53â ±â 0.69, and 2.03â ±â 0.51, respectively. The mean day 3 levels of these electrolytes were 138.3â ±â 5.06, 4.18â ±â 0.59, 3.578â ±â 0.59, and 2.11â ±â 0.64, respectively. Patients suffering from bacterial pneumonia were significantly older (Nâ =â 219, meanâ =â 64.88â ±â 15.99) than patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (Nâ =â 240, meanâ =â 57.63â ±â 17.87). Bacterial pneumonia group had significantly higher serum potassium (Nâ =â 211, meanâ =â 4.51â ±â 0.76), and magnesium (Nâ =â 115, meanâ =â 2.12â ±â 0.60) levels compared to COVID-19 group (Nâ =â 227, meanâ =â 4.254â ±â 0.60 for potassium and Nâ =â 118, meanâ =â 1.933â ±â 0.38 for magnesium). Only magnesium was significantly higher among day 3 electrolytes in the bacterial pneumonia group. No significant association between electrolyte levels and outcomes was seen. We found that COVID-19 patients had lower potassium and magnesium levels on admission, possibly due to the effect of COVID-19 on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as well as patient characteristics and management. We did not find enough evidence to recommend using electrolyte levels as a determinator of prognosis, but more research is needed.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Hospitalization , Magnesium , Pneumonia, Bacterial , Potassium , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance , Humans , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/blood , Male , Female , Retrospective Studies , Middle Aged , Aged , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/epidemiology , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/blood , Pneumonia, Bacterial/blood , Pneumonia, Bacterial/complications , Pneumonia, Bacterial/epidemiology , Potassium/blood , Magnesium/blood , SARS-CoV-2 , Electrolytes/blood , Sodium/blood , Phosphorus/bloodABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Lean metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), characterized by a BMI < 25 kg/m² (or < 23 kg/m² in Asians), presents a challenging prognosis compared to non-lean MASLD. This study examines cardiovascular outcomes in both lean and non-lean MASLD cohorts. METHODS: In this meta-analysis, pooled odds ratios (ORs) within 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for primary outcomes (cardiovascular mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE]) and secondary outcomes (cardiovascular disease [CVD], all-cause mortality, hypertension, and dyslipidemia). Studies comparing lean and non-lean MASLD within the same cohorts were analyzed, prioritizing those with larger sample sizes or recent publication dates. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were identified, encompassing lean MASLD patients (n = 7153; mean age 52.9 ± 7.4; 56 % male) and non-lean MASLD patients (n = 23,514; mean age 53.2 ± 6.8; 63 % male). Lean MASLD exhibited a 50 % increase in cardiovascular mortality odds compared to non-lean MASLD (OR: 1.5, 95 % CI 1.2-1.8; p < 0.0001). MACE odds were 10 % lower in lean MASLD (OR: 0.9, 95 % CI 0.7-1.2; p = 0.7), while CVD odds were 40 % lower (p = 0.01). All-cause mortality showed a 40 % higher odds in lean MASLD versus non-lean MASLD (p = 0.06). Lean MASLD had 30 % lower odds for both hypertension (p = 0.01) and dyslipidemia (p = 0.02) compared to non-lean MASLD. CONCLUSION: Despite a favorable cardiometabolic profile and comparable MACE rates, lean individuals with MASLD face elevated cardiovascular mortality risk.
