Burnout rates among Lebanese pre-final and final year medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-centered survey-based study.

BACKGROUND: Burnout among medical students has always been a major concern. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in the prevalence rates of burnout among Lebanese pre-final and final year medical students while taking into consideration the impact of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) on both the academical and clinical experiences. METHODS: This is a multi-centered, survey-based, cross-sectional study conducted in October 2021. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory questionnaire was used on 120 medical students from three different medical schools in Lebanon. RESULTS: The overall burnout prevalence was 40.01%. When further dividing it into domains, 39.36% of students had personal burnout, 41.52% had work-related burnout, and 39.16% had pandemic-related burnout. Theoretical learning and clinical training were reported to be affected in respectively 66.70% and 71.70%. However, only 10.00% of the students have regretted choosing medicine and 67.50% felt comfortable to get to the next academic level. CONCLUSION: High levels of burnout were reported among pre-final and final year medical students with a subsequent negative impact on their academic life and clinical training. Medical schools should start adopting a conscious view of how to guide medical students in finding adequate coping mechanisms during these times of crisis.

Development of an Educational Video for Self-Assessment of Patients with RA: Steps, Challenges, and Responses.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to develop an educational video to teach patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) self-assessment of their disease activity. Secondary objectives were to validate the video, identify the challenges in producing it, and the responses to these challenges. METHODS: Rheumatologists from 7 Middle Eastern Arab countries (MEAC) discussed unmet needs in the education of patients with RA. They reviewed pre-existing educational audiovisual material and drafted the script for a new video in Arabic. The video was produced in collaboration with a technical team, then validated by patients using a standardized interview. At each step of production, challenges were identified. RESULTS: Twenty-three rheumatologists from MEAC identified unmet needs in patients' education. A video was produced, explaining the concepts of treat-to-target and showing a patient performing self-assessment using DAS-28. Sixty-two patients were interviewed for validation and found the video to be useful and easy to understand, albeit not replacing the physician's visit. Most common challenges encountered included acceptance of patient empowerment, agreement on DAS-28 as composite measure, production of a comprehensible written Arabic text, and addressing the population cultural mix. CONCLUSION: Despite challenges, the video was well accepted among patients and can be used for clinical and research purposes. It is particularly useful in pandemic periods where social distancing is recommended.

Prevalence and pattern of comorbidities in chronic rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: the COMORD study.

Increased risk of comorbidities has been reported in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMD). We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of comorbidities in RMD patients nationwide, to identify multimorbidity clusters and to evaluate the gap between recommendations and real screening. Cross-sectional, multicentric nationwide study. Prevalence of comorbidities was calculated according to six EULAR axes. Latent Class Analysis identified multimorbidity clusters. Comorbidities' screening was compared to international and local recommendations. In 769 patients (307 RA, 213 OA, 63 SLE, 103 axSpA, and 83 pSA), the most frequent comorbidities were cardiovascular risk factors and diseases (CVRFD) (hypertension 36.5%, hypercholesterolemia 30.7%, obesity 22.7%, smoking 22.1%, diabetes 10.4%, myocardial infarction 6.6%), osteoporosis (20.7%) and depression (18.1%). Three clusters of multimorbidity were identified: OA, RA and axSpA. The most optimal screening was found for CVRF (> = 93%) and osteoporosis (53%). For malignancies, mammograms were the most optimally prescribed (56%) followed by pap smears (32%) and colonoscopy (21%). Optimal influenza and pneumococcus vaccination were found in 22% and 17%, respectively. Comorbidities were prevalent in RMD and followed specific multimorbidity patterns. Optimal screening was adequate for CVRFD but suboptimal for malignant neoplasms, osteoporosis, and vaccination. The current study identified health priorities, serving as a framework for the implementation of future comorbidity management standardized programs, led by the rheumatologist and coordinated by specialized health care professionals.

Added Value of Anti-CD74 Autoantibodies in Axial SpondyloArthritis in a Population With Low HLA-B27 Prevalence.

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is often diagnosed late due to the non-specific nature of its main symptom [chronic back pain (CBP)] and to the paucity of diagnostic markers, particularly in regions with low HLA-B27 prevalence, such as the Middle-East. We tested the performance of IgG4 and IgA anti-CD74 antibodies as an early diagnostic marker for axSpA, compared with the performance of HLA-B27, in Lebanon. Sera of axSpA patients diagnosed by the rheumatologist and also fulfilling the imaging arm of the ASAS criteria (patients) and of blood donors (BD) (controls) were analyzed for HLA-B27, IgG4 and IgA anti-CD74, blinded to clinical characteristics. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were constructed to identify an optimal cut-off point for anti-CD74 antibodies. Diagnostic properties were calculated (sensitivity, specificity, positive, and positive predictive values (PPV, NPV), Likelihood ratios) for each marker. Forty-nine axSpA patients and 102 BD were included in the final analysis. IgA anti-CD74 correlated poorly with axSpA (Area Under the Curve (AUC) 0.657), whereas IgG4 anti-CD74 had a good discriminative value (AUC 0.837). Respectively, for HLA-B27, IgG4 anti-CD74, and the combination of both, we found a sensitivity of 33-92-33%, specificity of 96-79-98%, PPV 80-68-89%, NPV 75-95-75%, and LR+ 8.2-4.4-16.5. IgG4 anti-CD 74 were positive in 88% of HLA-B27 negative axSpA patients, and correlated with BASDAI. In this first study in a population with low HLA-B27 prevalence, IgG4 anti-CD74 antibodies combined with HLA-B27 showed higher diagnostic value than HLA-B27 alone for early axSpA. IgG4 anti-CD74 should be considered for further evaluation as an early axSpA diagnostic marker in future dedicated research, particularly in patients with CBP.

HLA-B27 prevalence in axial spondyloarthritis patients and in blood donors in a Lebanese population: Results from a nationwide study.

AIM: To calculate the prevalence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 in axial spondyloarthritis patients (axSpA) compared to blood donors (BD) in Lebanon, to identify the clinical and radiological findings associated with HLA-B27 and to estimate the proportion of patients fulfilling the clinical arm of the Assessment of the Spondyloarthritis International Association (ASAS) criteria. METHOD: Consecutive Lebanese adult axSpA patients fulfilling the ASAS classification criteria were included from 12 rheumatology clinics across Lebanon. BD served as controls. A binary logistic regression was used to study the association between HLA-B27 and the disease features. RESULTS: A total of 247 individuals were included (141 axSpA patients and 106 BD). The prevalence of HLA-B27 was 3.8% in BD and 41.1% in axSpA. Overall, 39.7% of the axSpA patients fulfilled the clinical arm of the ASAS classification criteria. Sensitivity of HLA-B27 for axSpA was 41.1%, specificity was 96.2%, positive predictive value was 93.6%, and negative predictive value was 55.13%. Positive likelihood ratio (LR) was 10.9 and negative LR was 1.63. We found a positive association of HLA-B27 with family history of SpA and psoriasis. CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed a low prevalence of HLA-B27 in axSpA patients and BD in this Lebanese population, However, we found a high specificity and positive LR, as well as the same number of axSpA patients fulfilling the clinical arm of the ASAS criteria as in European studies. HLA-B27 is therefore valuable for identification of axSpA in Lebanese patients despite the overall low prevalence in this population. Our results may guide future evaluations the role of HLA-B27 in planning local referral strategies.

Patient preferences for rheumatoid arthritis treatments: results from the national cross-sectional LERACS study.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the treatment preferences of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and determine whether these preferences are related to specific disease characteristics. METHOD: A national survey was designed to collect demographic, disease, treatment, and preference data on RA patients enrolled in 7 private and university hospital clinics in Lebanon. Associations between patient factors and treatment preferences for RA were analyzed by χ2 or Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: A total of 693 patients (83% female; 67% aged 41-70 years) consulting 7 trained rheumatologists completed the survey. Most patients (80%) had established RA >24 months, and approximately one-third (34%) were in remission according to the disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28). Most (87%) were receiving oral agents (60% oral only). Almost two-thirds of patients (64%) expressed a preference for oral treatments, and more than half (53%) ranked doctor's advice as the most influential factor when choosing treatment. In univariable analysis, health coverage, radiographic damage, disease duration, current therapy, and previous side effects were significantly associated with treatment preference. In multivariable analyses, only radiographic damage and current route of administration were independently associated with preference (both P<0.001), with patients with no radiographic damage and those on oral-only therapy being more likely to prefer oral agents. CONCLUSION: RA patients expressed a preference for oral rather than subcutaneous/intravenous-administered drugs. Understanding patients' preferences may help to inform policymaker decisions.

Severity of rheumatoid arthritis: the SEVERA study.

This study aims to assess the severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in rheumatology practice in our population. All outpatients and inpatients with RA seen by registered rheumatologists over a 1-year period were included. Severity was measured using the Larsen score for hands and wrists and the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (M-HAQ). Two hundred ninety-eight RA cases were included. Mean age was 51.5 years. Among them, 261 (87.6%) were females. Disease duration was less than a year in 26 subjects (8.7%) and 10 years and above in 108 (36.2%) with a mean of 8.9. There were 220 (73.8%) subjects who had M-HAQ score <1. In 61 (20.5%) subjects, M-HAQ score was > or =1 and <2, and 17 (5.7%) had M- HAQ score > or =2. In relation with disease duration, M-HAQ starts with an average (SD) value of 0.7 (0.6) during the first year, decreases to 0.4 (0.4) at 5-year disease duration and increases after 10 years of disease progression to an average of 0.9 (0.8). Mean (SD) Larsen score was 51.9 (29.5) and median was 45. A total of 25% had a Larsen score > or =50% of maximum. Larsen score increased significantly (p<0.0001) with disease duration, starting at an average (SD) of 36.1 (14.9) during the first year, rising to 42.5 (15.8) around 5 years and reaching 73.9 (36.9) after 10 years. RA severity in our practice is comparable to that reported in Western populations in terms of radiological damage; however, functional status differs, possibly reflecting cultural differences.