Motor imagery ability in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and evidence map.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a group of permanent movement and posture disorders. Motor imagery (MI) therapy is known to provide potential benefits, but data on MI ability in children and adolescents with CP is lacking. Objective: A systematic review was performed to explore MI abilities in children and adolescents with CP compared to typically developed (TD) subjects. Methods: We searched on PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), EBSCO, Google Scholar, and PEDro including observational studies. Methodological quality was assessed with the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and evidence map was created to synthesize the evidence qualitatively and quantitatively. Results: Seven cross-sectional studies were selected, which included 174 patients with CP and 321 TD subjects. Three studies explored explicit MI, two MI-execution synchrony, and four implicit MI domains. Methodological quality ranged from 6 to 8 stars. Moderate evidence supported the absence of differences in vividness between the groups. As there was only limited evidence, establishing a clear direction for the results was not possible, especially for the capacity to generate MI, mental chronometry features, and MI-execution synchrony domains. Moderate evidence supported a lower efficiency in cases for hand recognition, derived from a lower accuracy rate, while reaction time remained similar between the two groups. Moderate evidence indicated that patients with CP and TD controls showed similar features on whole-body recognition. Conclusion: Moderate evidence suggests that patients with CP present a reduced ability in hand recognition, which is not observed for whole-body recognition compared to healthy controls. Severe limitations concerning sample size calculations and validity of assessment tools clearly limits establishing a direction of results, especially for explicit MI and MI-Execution synchrony domains. Further research is needed to address these limitations to enhance our comprehension of MI abilities in children, which is crucial for prescribing suitable MI-based therapies in this child population.

Perfil estadístico de los egresados de la carrera de Farmacia en la FES Zaragoza UNAM / Statistical Profile of the Graduates of the Pharmacy Career in the FES Zaragoza UNAM

Objetivo: Determinar el perfil estadístico de la población de egresados de la carrera Química Farmacéutico Biológica para las promociones 2005 al 2016. Método: Fueron evaluados los egresados de las promociones 2005-2009 al 2012-2016. El total de cuestionarios analizados fue de 289. El instrumento utilizado, cuenta con 93 preguntas de las cuales el 40 porciento son abiertas y 60 por ciento son preguntas cerradas fue validado con un grado de confiabilidad de alfa de Cronbach de 0.7058. Se utilizó estadística no paramétrica y una descripción gráfica de los resultados obtenidos. Resultados: Se determinó el perfil estadístico de los egresados y la trazabilidad de las promociones, en el mercado laboral, se pudo apreciar también que aproximadamente el 53% de los egresados es laboralmente activo, y el restante 47% se encuentra realizando tesis profesional, servicio social, estudios de posgrado, etc... Se pudo determinar salarios de los egresados de esas generaciones, influencia de género tipo de empresa u organización donde se encuentran realizando actividades profesionales, así como el grado de concordancia del perfil de egreso de los estudiantes con respecto al perfil requerido por el mercado de trabajo. Conclusiones: La metodología permitió obtener información sobre el desempeño de los egresados además, conocer elementos que favorecen la toma de decisiones respecto a la actualización o modificación del plan de estudios de la carrera Química Farmacéutico Biológica y sus programas, se sabe ahora que el perfil profesional del egresado está acorde a las necesidades de los diversos campos, en donde puede desempeñar sus actividades profesionales

Objective: To determine the statistical profile of the population of graduates of the Biological Pharmaceutical Chemistry career for promotions 2005 to 2016. Method: Graduates of the promotions 2005-2009 to 2012-2016 were evaluated. The total number of questionnaires analyzed was 289. The instrument used, has 93 questions of which 40 percent are open and 60 percent are closed questions was validated with a reliability level of Cronbach’s alpha of 0.7058. Non-parametric statistics and a graphic description of the results obtained were used. Results: The statistical profile of the graduates and the traceability of the promotions were determined, in the labor market, it was also seen that approximately 53% of the graduates are working, and the remaining 47% are doing professional thesis, service social, postgraduate studies, etc ... It was possible to determine the salaries of the graduates of these generations, gender influence type of company or organization where they are doing professional activities, as well as the degree of concordance of the profile of students’ exit with respect to the profile required by the labor market. Conclusions: The methodology allowed to obtain information about the performance of the graduates as well as to know elements that favor the decision making regarding the update or modification of the curriculum of the Biological Pharmaceutical Biology career and its programs, it is now known that the professional profile of the graduate is according to the needs of the various fields, where you can play your professional activities

Echinomycin, a potential binder of FKBP12, shows minor effect on calcineurin activity.

Echinomycin, a member of the quinoxaline family of antibiotics, is known to be a small-molecule inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) DNA binding activity. Recently, it has been shown to suppress mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and growth in leukemia cell lines. In this study, we investigated whether echinomycin interacts with the FKBP12 protein. Molecular docking was used, and the predicted binding energy was -10.61 kcal/mol. Moreover, surface plasmon resonance imaging and fluorescence quenching techniques were used to validate this interaction. Echinomycin binds to FKBP12 with a strong binding affinity comparable with rapamycin. Furthermore, the echinomycin-FKBP12 complex has been shown to affect calcineurin activity when tested in a calcineurin phosphatase inhibition assay. All of these studies have shown that echinomycin may have a double impact on HIF signaling by direct inhibition and through mTOR.

Emerging technology of in situ cell free expression protein microarrays.

Recently, in situ protein microarrays have been developed for large scale analysis and high throughput studies of proteins. In situ protein microarrays produce proteins directly on the solid surface from pre-arrayed DNA or RNA. The advances in in situ protein microarrays are exemplified by the ease of cDNA cloning and cell free protein expression. These technologies can evaluate, validate and monitor protein in a cost effective manner and address the issue of a high quality protein supply to use in the array. Here we review the importance of recently employed methods: PISA (protein in situ array), DAPA (DNA array to protein array), NAPPA (nucleic acid programmable protein array) and TUSTER microarrays and the role of these methods in proteomics.

Drug profiling: knowing where it hits.

Off-target hits of drugs can lead to serious adverse effects or, conversely, to unforeseen alternative medical utility. Selectivity profiling against large panels of potential targets is essential for the drug discovery process to minimize attrition and maximize therapeutic utility. Lately, it has become apparent that drug promiscuity (polypharmacology) goes well beyond target families; therefore, lowering the profiling costs and expanding the coverage of targets is an industry-wide challenge to improve predictions. Here, we review current and promising drug profiling alternatives and commercial solutions in these exciting emerging fields.

Integrated protein array screening and high throughput validation of 70 novel neural calmodulin-binding proteins.

Calmodulin is an essential regulator of intracellular processes in response to extracellular stimuli mediated by a rise in Ca(2+) ion concentration. To profile protein-protein interactions of calmodulin in human brain, we probed a high content human protein array with fluorophore-labeled calmodulin in the presence of Ca(2+). This protein array contains 37,200 redundant proteins, incorporating over 10,000 unique human neural proteins from a human brain cDNA library. We designed a screen to find high affinity (K(D) < or = 1 microm) binding partners of calmodulin and identified 76 human proteins from all intracellular compartments of which 72 are novel. We measured the binding kinetics of 74 targets with calmodulin using a high throughput surface plasmon resonance assay. Most of the novel calmodulin-target complexes identified have low dissociation rates (k(off) < or = 10(-3) s(-1)) and high affinity (K(D)

Microarrays meet the Voltaire challenge: Drug discovery on a chip?

The co-emergence of microarray technologies with systems oriented approaches to discovery is testament to the technological and conceptual advancements of recent years. By providing a platform for massively parallelized reductionism, microarrays are enabling us to examine the functional features of diverse classes of bio-system components in a contextually meaningful manner. Yet, to provide economic impact, future development of these technologies demands intimate alignment with the goal of producing safer and more efficacious drugs.:

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Functional organization of the yeast proteome by systematic analysis of protein complexes.

Most cellular processes are carried out by multiprotein complexes. The identification and analysis of their components provides insight into how the ensemble of expressed proteins (proteome) is organized into functional units. We used tandem-affinity purification (TAP) and mass spectrometry in a large-scale approach to characterize multiprotein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We processed 1,739 genes, including 1,143 human orthologues of relevance to human biology, and purified 589 protein assemblies. Bioinformatic analysis of these assemblies defined 232 distinct multiprotein complexes and proposed new cellular roles for 344 proteins, including 231 proteins with no previous functional annotation. Comparison of yeast and human complexes showed that conservation across species extends from single proteins to their molecular environment. Our analysis provides an outline of the eukaryotic proteome as a network of protein complexes at a level of organization beyond binary interactions. This higher-order map contains fundamental biological information and offers the context for a more reasoned and informed approach to drug discovery.