[In-hospital stays for urolithiasis: analysis of French national data]. / Séjours hospitaliers pour lithiase : analyse des données nationales.

INTRODUCTION: Urolithiasis is of health economics concern since it is very frequent. However, there is few data upon its issue in France. METHODS: We have analyzed the data issued from the national coding system for in-hospital stays and interventions, using urolithiasis codes and compared between public and private sectors. We have observed evolution of procedures and stays until 2009. RESULTS: Public and private sectors were quite similar in terms of stays numbers (144,324 in 2009, and an evaluated total cost of more than 168 millions of euros). Since 2000, there has been an increase of more than 20% in the number of stays in the public sector and a stagnation in the private one. Public and private sectors appeared different in terms of: (1) stays without intervention (53 vs 26%; p<0.0001); (2) stays without associated diagnosis (5.78 vs 8.41%; p<0.0001). Since 2006, there has been a stagnation for percutaneous and surgical interventions (less than 5% of the number of interventions) whereas there has been a clear increase in endoscopic (+29% in private sector and +16% in public one) and lithotriptic (+19 and +5%) interventions. CONCLUSION: There were strong disparities between public and private sectors. Endoscopic interventions and lithotrity sessions have shown a sustained increase. Surgical and percutaneous interventions have shown a stagnation.

[Flexible ureteroscopy in the treatment of kidney stone between 2 and 3 cm]. / Urétéroscopie souple dans le traitement des calculs du rein de 2 à 3cm.

PURPOSE: Our aim was to evaluate the outcome of flexible ureteroscopy (F-URS) with Holmium Laser as a minimal invasive procedure for kidney stone between 2 and 3 cm in diameter. MATERIAL: We prospectively evaluated 101 patients (103 kidney units) with kidney stone between 2 and 3 cm, who underwent flexible ureteroscopy (F-URS) with Holmium Laser. Patient age, sex, body mass index (BMI), stone size, stone composition, associated lower calyx stone, prestenting, congenital abnormalities, urological history, operating time and complications were evaluated. The outcome was determined at 4 weeks on plain radiograph (KUB) and noncontrast CT scan (NCCT) or by endoscopic second look if needed. Ureteroscopy success rate was defined as stone free (SF) or remaining fragments (RF) less than 3 mm. RESULTS: After F-URS session we obtained a stone free status in 35 kidney units (34%), residual fragment less than 3mm in 30 kidney units (29.1%) and 38 kidney units (36.9%) with significant residual fragment. F-URS success rate was 89.3% and 97.1% after second and third session, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: F-URS with Holmium Laser is a very effective and safe technique in treating kidney stone. This technique should be proposed to patient with kidney stone between 2 and 3 cm as one of the treatment modalities, F-URS offers excellent results, low rate of complications and short hospital stay. Patients should be informed about staged therapy.

[Horseshoe kidney stones: benefit of flexible ureterorenoscopy with holmium laser]. / Calculs urinaires et rein en fer à cheval: place de l'urétérorénoscopie souple-laser.

OBJECTIVES: We aim to assess the outcome of the flexible ureterorenoscopy (F-URS) with holmium laser in treating horseshoe kidney (HSK) stones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively the records of 18 patients with HSK stone (18 renal units) who underwent F-URS using holmium laser from December 2004 to October 2009. The mean age was 37.7±6.9 years. The F-URS used after the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) failure in eight patients (44.4%) and four patients (22.2%) had PCNL failure. The follow up visit range were between 4 and 6 weeks with plain radiograph (KUB) and renal ultrasound or non contrast computed tomography scan (NCCT). Success rate was defined as stone free or residual fragment less than 3 mm. Use of auxiliary procedures like ESWL were considered as treatment failure. RESULTS: Eighteen patients, three females and 15 males with mean age was 37.7±6.9 years with HSK calculi underwent ureteroscopic management. The presenting symptoms were renal colic, urinary tract infection or hematuria. We found different HSK stone location (11 mixed calyceal, three mixed pelvic and calyceal and four pelvic). The average stone burden was 15.5±7.3 mm and the mean operative time was 112±9.4 minutes. All over procedures were 27, with mean average of 1.5 procedures per patient. The success rate was 89%. CONCLUSION: The F-URS with holmium laser is an efficient minimal invasive procedure in treating HSK stones.

Genetic susceptibility to urinary incontinence: implication of polymorphisms of androgen and oestrogen pathways.

PURPOSE: Although existence of genetic factors predisposing to urinary incontinence in women is widely admitted, precise molecular and genetic variations implicated are still unknown. Given the established influence of steroids metabolism in incontinence, we studied the correlation between polymorphisms of genes of oestrogen/androgen pathways and urinary incontinence in women, in order to raise evidence of genetic susceptibility. METHODS: A case-control study included 121 cases and 66 controls. Age, familial history of incontinence, gynaecologic history and age of menopause were collected. Patients were classified into three groups: control, urge urinary incontinence (UUI), stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Genetic polymorphisms were determined after amplification by PCR for the following genes: CYP-19, CYP17, androgen receptor (AR) and oestrogen receptor (ESR-1). Statistical analysis was performed to study correlation between genotype and presence of a subtype of incontinence. RESULTS: A total of 187 patients were analysed: 66 were controls, 30 presented UUI and 107 presented SUI. Patients presenting incontinence had significantly more often familial history of incontinence than controls. AR polymorphism (combination of 2 alleles containing more than 21 CAG repeats) is significantly associated with UUI (P = 0.02). Polymorphisms of ESR-1, CYP17 and CYP19 were not associated with any subtype of urinary incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that AR polymorphism is linked to genetic susceptibility to urinary incontinence. This result suggests that this disease is partly gene-related and encourages larger studies to explore the genetics factors of urinary incontinence.

[Pelvic lymph nodes dissection for prostate cancer: Minilap with speculum vs laparoscopy]. / Curage ilio-obturateur pour cancer de prostate : minilaparotomie au spéculum vs coelioscopie.

INTRODUCTION: The pelvic lymph nodes dissection (PLND) is indicated in case of prostate cancer with high risk of ganglionic metastasis. Criteria admitted for indication of PLND are PSA>or=10ng/ml and/or Gleason score >or=7. Two techniques are available for PLND: minilap and laparoscopy. The purpose of this study was to compare retrospectively minilap and the 2 ways of laparoscopy: intra- and extraperitoneum, in terms of efficiency and complications. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We reviewed 147 cases of men who's had a PLND in our department between 1992 and 2006. The distribution for every technique was: 34 cases of minilap (23%), 39 cases of intraperitoneum laparoscopy (27%) and 74 cases of extraperitoneum laparoscopy (50%). The mean age was of 67.9 years (52-79). The mean PSA was 19.01ng/ml (0.3-93) and the average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 26.75kgm(-2) (17.6-41). RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (19%) presented a postoperating complication. There was no statistically significant difference according to technique. We did not either find statistical difference concerning the number of analyzed nodes between three groups and the duration of hospitalization. Only the mean operating time and the number of drain of Redon were statistically different. CONCLUSION: This study did not show any difference in terms of result and complications between the laparoscopy and minilap for the PLND in case of prostate cancer. We think each technique could be proposed.

[Demography of residents in urology in France: appraisal and perspectives]. / Etat des lieux et perspectives sur la démographie des internes en urologie en 2008.

PURPOSE: The objective was to identify the number of residents registered in the course of urology in France in 2008, and to make a forecast in the number of posts of fellow and specialist assistant available at the end of their course. MATERIAL: From January to February 2008, a questionnaire identified in all French University Hospital the number of residents enrolled in the urology course, and the number of posts of fellow and specialist assistant in urology in the region. The year of the end of the course has been determined for each resident in compliance with seniority, and taking into account the availability. The number of fellow and specialist assistant posts available in the same period was estimated by considering the duration of each postinternship, and any change in the number of posts. RESULTS: Our census counted 207 residents, 76 fellow posts, 10 specialist assistant posts. Of the 207 residents, 29 completed their studies in 2008, 57 in 2009, 60 in 2010, 61 in 2011. Following our methodology, there was a lack of fellow and specialist assistant posts available from November 2010 (-15 posts in 2010, -7 posts in 2011). CONCLUSION: Our study showed an increase in the number of residents enrolled in urology course by years of promotion, causing a lack of fellow and specialist assistant posts from 2010. Apart from an opening of additional fellows and specialist assistants at that time, our study highlights the long-term regulation of entries in the urology course ensuring a postinternship quality.

[Short or long schemes of antibiotic prophylaxis for prostate biopsy. A multicentre prospective randomised study]. / Antibioprophylaxie courte versus longue pour les biopsies prostatiques. Etude prospective randomisée multicentrique.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the incidence of the Urinary Tract Infection between a single preoperative dose and a three-day antibiotic prophylaxis regimen for transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy in randomized multicenter trial. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between February 2006 and December 2007, 322 men who underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy were included in a multicentre prospective randomised study. Patients received antibiotic prophylaxis by ciprofloxacin orally, either 1g single dose two hours before the biopsy (Group 1: n=139) or a prolonged prophylaxis for three days (Group 2: n=149). Assessment five days before and five days following the biopsy included a clinical examination, biological tests and a self-questionnaire. RESULTS: Two patients developed prostatitis, one in each group: 0.75% of the first group, 0.69% of the second. Twelve developed asymptomatic bacteriuria, six in each group: 4.51% of the first group and 4.19% of the second. There was no significant difference between the two groups (Fisher test; p>0.9). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference between the two antibiotic prophylaxis regimen (one single dose or three days) for patients undergoing TRUS guided biopsies. Therefore, the single preoperative dose should be the preferred option.