Prevalence of burnout among Swiss cancer clinicians, paediatricians and general practitioners: who are most at risk?

GOALS OF WORK: Increasing economical and administrative constraints and changes in health-care systems constitute a risk for burnout, especially for cancer physicians. However, little is known about differences across medical specialties and the importance of work characteristics. METHODS: A postal questionnaire addressing burnout, psychiatric morbidity, sociodemographics and work characteristics was administered to 180 cancer physicians, 184 paediatricians and 197 general practitioners in Switzerland. RESULTS: A total of 371 (66%) physicians participated in the survey. Overall, one third of the respondents expressed signs indicative of psychiatric morbidity and of burnout, including high levels of emotional exhaustion (33%) and depersonalisation/cynicism (28%) and a reduced feeling of personal accomplishment (20%). Workload (>50 h/week), lack of continuing education (<6 h/month) and working in a public institution were significantly associated with an increased risk of burnout. After adjustment for these characteristics, general practitioners had a higher risk for emotional exhaustion (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1 to 3.6) and depersonalisation (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4 to 5.3). CONCLUSION: In this Swiss sample, cancer clinicians had a significant lower risk of burnout, despite a more important workload. Among possible explanations, involvement in research and teaching activities and access to continuing education may have protected them.

I.v. N-acetylcysteine and emergency CT: use of serum creatinine and cystatin C as markers of radiocontrast nephrotoxicity.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of i.v. administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on serum levels of creatinine and cystatin C, two markers of renal function, in patients with renal insufficiency who undergo emergency contrast-enhanced CT. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eighty-seven adult patients with renal insufficiency who underwent emergency CT were randomized to two groups. In the first group, in addition to hydration, patients received a 900-mg injection of NAC 1 hour before and another immediately after injection of iodine contrast medium. Patients in the second group received hydration only. Serum levels of creatinine and cystatin C were measured at admission and on days 2 and 4 after CT. Nephrotoxicity was defined as a 25% or greater increase in serum creatinine or cystatin C concentration from baseline value. RESULTS: A 25% or greater increase in serum creatinine concentration was found in nine (21%) of 43 patients in the control group and in two (5%) of 44 patients in the NAC group (p = 0.026). A 25% or greater increase in serum cystatin C concentration was found in nine (22%) of 40 patients in the control group and in seven (17%) of 41 patients in the NAC group (p = 0.59). CONCLUSION: On the basis of serum creatinine concentration only, i.v. administration of NAC appears protective against the nephrotoxicity of contrast medium. No effect is found when serum cystatin C concentration is used to assess renal function. The effect of NAC on serum creatinine level remains unclear and may not be related to a renoprotective action.

CYP2E1 genotype and isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in patients treated for latent tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether pharmacogenetic tests such as N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) genotyping are useful in identifying patients prone to antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in a cosmopolite population. METHODS: In a prospective study we genotyped 89 patients treated with isoniazid (INH) for latent tuberculosis. INH-induced hepatitis (INH-H) or elevated liver enzymes including hepatitis (INH-ELE) was diagnosed based on the clinical diagnostic scale (CDS) designed for routine clinical practice. NAT2 genotypes were assessed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer probe after PCR analysis, and CYP2E1 genotypes were determined by PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients (29%) had INH-ELE, while eight (9%) presented with INH-H leading to INH treatment interruption. We report no significant influence of NAT2 polymorphism, but we did find a significant association between the CYP2E1 *1A/*1A genotype and INH-ELE (OR: 3.4; 95% CI:1.1-12; p = 0.02) and a non significant trend for INH-H (OR: 5.9; 95% CI: 0.69-270; p = 0.13) compared with other CYP2E1 genotypes. This test for predicting INH-ELE had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 39% (95% CI: 26-54%) and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 84% (95% CI: 69-94%). CONCLUSION: The genotyping of CYP2E1 polymorphisms may be a useful predictive tool in the common setting of a highly heterogeneous population for predicting isoniazid-induced hepatic toxicity. Larger prospective randomized trials are needed to confirm these results.

Can only partial T-cell depletion of the graft before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation mitigate graft-versus-host disease while preserving a graft-versus-leukemia reaction? A prospective phase II study.

The study comprised 37 consecutive patients who underwent transplantation with a Campath-1H in vitro T cell-depleted granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood stem cell graft from an HLA-identical sibling, followed 24 hours later by an unmanipulated graft. Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was limited to grade I to II, whereas chronic graft-versus-host disease occurred in 9 patients, mostly (n = 7) with limited disease. Molecular relapses (8 chronic myeloid leukemia [CML] and 1 non-Hodgkin lymphoma) that occurred not earlier than the sixth month after transplantation were treated with donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), which induced complete remission in all but 1 CML patient with persistent very low BCR-ABL molecular levels. With a median follow-up of 54 months (range, 29-84 months), the actuarial 5-year overall survival, disease-free survival, and transplant-related mortality are 78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52%-88%), 78% (95% CI, 52%-86%), and 6% (95% CI, 1.5%-32%), respectively. All CML patients are alive and free of disease. The results of this prospective, nonrandomized study show that incomplete T-cell depletion in vitro with Campath-1H (in combination with DLI for molecular relapses in CML) may decrease the incidence of GVHD and transplant-related mortality with no adverse effect on disease-free survival. The described method decreases the number of T cells to an extent that severe GVHD is prevented while relapse is postponed to a time when the patient can be treated with DLI without severe side effects.

Postictal but not interictal hemispatial neglect in patients with seizures of lateralized onset.

PURPOSE: Unilateral spatial neglect, defined as a failure to report, respond, or orient to stimuli that are presented contralaterally, has been widely documented after brain damage to right, and to a lesser degree, left frontotemporoparietal networks. Group studies involving patients with seizures with a lateralized focus have demonstrated transient dysfunctions in memory and language; however, so far, only two case reports have described transient neglect after an epileptic seizure. METHODS: To assess the existence and consistency of this phenomenon, we evaluated 33 epilepsy patients on a line-bisection task in interictal and postictal states as compared with an age- and sex-matched control group. RESULTS: Spatial neglect, as determined by this test, was found in the postictal but not interictal examination in patients with right parietal epileptic foci and was maximal for the left-positioned lines, whereas no neglect was found in other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that patients with right parietal foci can present a transient neglect phenomenon on the line-bisection task in the postictal period, even in the absence of overt clinical neglect signs. These findings might be useful in establishing the laterality and even localization of epileptic foci based on the postictal neuropsychological evaluation.

Stepping up versus standard doses of erythropoietin in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial.

In this study, it is hypothesized that a planned increase in the dose of recombinant human erythropoietin (rh-EPO) can prevent transfusion in very low birth weight infants. Two different regimens of rh-EPO were administrated, one consisting in increasing dosage up to 5000 U/kg/wk, according to the individual reticulocytes response, and the second in a standard therapy of 1250 U/kg/wk. Fifty-one infants participated. Despite a significant higher reticulocytosis, the study was prematurely terminated due to the results of an interim analysis showing that transfusion was not avoided by increasing the rh-EPO. No significant differences were found between the two regimens concerning transfusion rate, volume transfused, gain in weight, and adverse effects. Progressive titration of rh-EPO to improve the biological response does not leave premature infants free of transfusion.

Reflux, dysphagia, and gas bloat after laparoscopic fundoplication in patients with incidentally discovered hiatal hernia and in a control group.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic fundoplication effectively controls reflux symptoms in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, symptom relapse and side effects, including dysphagia and gas bloat, may develop after surgery. The aim of the study was to assess these symptoms in patients who underwent laparoscopic fundoplication, as well as in control subjects and patients with hiatal hernia. METHODS: A standardized, validated questionnaire on reflux, dysphagia, and gas bloat was filled out by 115 patients with a follow-up of 1 to 7 years after laparoscopic fundoplication, as well as by 105 subjects with an incidentally discovered hiatal hernia and 238 control subjects. RESULTS: Patients who underwent fundoplication had better reflux scores than patients with hiatal hernia ( P = .0001) and similar scores to control subjects ( P = .11). They also had significantly more dysphagia and gas bloat than patients with hiatal hernia and controls ( P < .005 for all comparisons). Gas bloat and dysphagia were more severe in hiatal hernia patients than in controls ( P < 0.005). After fundoplication, the 25% of the patients with the shortest follow-up (1.5 +/- 0.2 years) and the 25% patients with the longest follow-up (5.8 +/- 0.6 years) had similar reflux, dysphagia, and gas bloat scores ( P = .43, .82, and .85, respectively). CONCLUSION: In patients with severe GERD, laparoscopic fundoplication decreases reflux symptoms to levels found in control subjects. These results appear to be stable over time. However, patients who underwent fundoplication experience more dysphagia and gas bloat than controls and patients with hiatal hernia-symptoms that should be seen as a side effect of the procedure and of GERD itself.

Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis.

HYPOTHESIS: There is little scientific evidence to support the routine practice of mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) before elective colorectal surgery in order to minimize the risk of postoperative septic complications. DATA SOURCES: Trials were retrieved using a MEDLINE search followed by a manual search of the bibliographic information in select articles. Languages were restricted to English, French, Spanish, Italian, and German. There was no date restriction. STUDY SELECTION: Only prospective randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating MBP vs no MBP before elective colorectal surgery were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Outcomes evaluated were anastomotic leakage, intra-abdominal infection, wound infection, reoperation, and general and extra-abdominal morbidity and mortality rates. Data were extracted by 2 independent observers. DATA SYNTHESIS: Seven RCTs were retrieved. The total number of patients in these RCTs was 1297 (642 who had received MBP and 655 who had not). Among all the RCTs reviewed, anastomotic leak was significantly more frequent in the MBP group, 5.6% (36/642), compared with the no-MBP group, 2.8% (18/655) (odds ratio, 1.84; P = .03). Intra-abdominal infection (3.7% for the MBP group vs 2.0% for the no-MBP group), wound infection (7.5% for the MBP group vs 5.5% for the no-MBP group), and reoperation (5.2% for the MBP group vs 2.2% for the no-MBP group) rates were nonstatistically significantly higher in the MBP group. General morbidity and mortality rates were slightly higher in the MBP group. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence to support the use of MBP in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Available data tend to suggest that MBP could be harmful with respect to the incidence of anastomotic leak and does not reduce the incidence of septic complications.

Blunt abdominal trauma patients: can organ injury be excluded without performing computed tomography?

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether admission non-computed tomography (CT) criteria can exclude intra-abdominal injury in stable patients sustaining blunt abdominal trauma. METHODS: Seven hundred fourteen hemodynamically stable patients with suspicion of blunt abdominal trauma were included in the study. Admission data for clinical examination, sonography, routine laboratory studies, chest/pelvic radiographic findings, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score were recorded. Each patient underwent helical abdominal CT. Injuries were considered major if they required surgery or angiographic intervention. At the authors' institution, angiography is routinely performed if there is a splenic injury of American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade II or higher or a liver injury of American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade III or higher. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the value of isolated and combined clinical, radiologic, and laboratory parameters in depicting an intra-abdominal injury with regard to CT results and clinical follow-up. RESULTS: The best combination of criteria to identify a major abdominal injury was obtained when sonography, chest radiography, and three laboratory parameters (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, white blood cell count, and hematocrit) were normal: 22% (129 of 589) of patients without major injuries fulfilled these criteria. The only combination of criteria that completely excluded intra-abdominal injury was obtained when clinical criteria combined with a Glasgow Coma Scale score > 13, bedside radiologic studies, and laboratory data were all normal, but only 12% (68 of 578) of patients without abdominal injury fulfilled these criteria. CONCLUSION: After blunt abdominal trauma, admission non-CT criteria can at best identify 12% of patients without intra-abdominal injuries and 22% of patients without major injuries.

Cerebrospinal fluid tau and Abeta42 concentrations in healthy subjects: delineation of reference intervals and their limitations.

Many limitations and conflicting results have cast serious doubts on the validity of cerebrospinal fluid tau and Abeta42 levels for the biological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, particularly extreme variations of the reference limits found by unrelated groups as a consequence of different reference populations used. In this study, we addressed the issue of defining reference limits for cerebrospinal fluid tau and Abeta42 in healthy adult individuals. One hundred and five neurologically intact subjects were enrolled according to strict inclusion criteria, 10 of them with autopsy confirmation of brain integrity. All cerebrospinal fluid samples were similarly and optimally processed as were the dosage methods used and the statistical analyses performed. A robust correlation with age was demonstrated for Abeta42 but not for tau. For tau, we found that an upper cut-off value of 443 ng/l allowed 95% of the subjects to be correctly classified as normal. For Abeta42, a lower cut-off value of 90 ng/l allowed a correct classification of 90% of the subjects. However, a large variance of the reference values, partly explained by the potential contamination of the reference population with presymptomatic dementia patients, may limit the use of reference limits based on living subjects. We propose that the issue of defining reference limits for both cerebrospinal fluid tau and Abeta42 may ultimately be settled by studying large numbers of autopsy-proven neurologically intact individuals only.

Prevention of veno-occlusive disease with defibrotide after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver occurs in 10% to 50% of patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, ranging from mild reversible disease to severe disease, with a mortality rate almost always close to 100%. Recently, promising results in the treatment of established VOD with defibrotide were reported. Therefore, defibrotide may be used as a prophylactic regimen for hepatic VOD in stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies. Fifty-two successive patients who underwent transplantation between October 1999 and June 2002 received defibrotide prophylaxis intravenously from day -7 to day +20 after transplantation in addition to heparin and were compared with historical controls who underwent transplantation successively between February 1997 and September 1999. In the defibrotide group, the maximum total bilirubin levels and the number of patients with serum levels exceeding 50 micromol/L were significantly lower than in the control group (5 of 52 versus 18 of 52, respectively; P =.004). None of the 52 patients developed VOD (Baltimore criteria), and no side effects occurred. These results were significantly different (P =.001) from controls (10/52 [19%] with VOD, 3 of whom died of severe VOD). In addition, day 100 event-free survival was significantly higher in the study group (P =.02), with a trend toward better day 100 overall survival (P =.07). These results suggest that defibrotide given in addition to heparin may be an efficient prophylaxis for VOD.

Does mechanical bowel preparation have a role in preventing postoperative complications in elective colorectal surgery?

BACKGROUND: mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) consists of orthograde fluid preparation to clean the bowel. MBP is considered to prevent postoperative complications. METHODS: meta-analysis of prospective randomised clinical trials (RCT) evaluating MBP versus no MBP. RESULTS: following a medline search we retrieved 15 prospective trials of which only 5 where RCT comparing MBP versus no MBP in elective colorectal surgery. For the randomised studies, there were respectively 186, 179, 149, 267 and 380 patients, including all type of resections. The total number of patients in these 5 studies was 1144 (565 with MBP and 579 with no preparation). All patients received perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Only one of these RCT show a significant decrease in anastomotic leak (AL), but among all the patients enrolled, AL is significantly more frequent in the group with MBP (Odds Ratio 1.8). Wound infection, re-operation and intra-abdominal abscess rates were more frequent in the MBP group but the difference did not reach statistical significance and the odds ratios for a 95% confidence interval were extremely large. CONCLUSION: there is limited evidence in the literature to support the use of MBP in patient undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Available data tend to suggest that MBP could be harmful with respect to the incidence of anastomotic leak. Moreover, MBP does not reduce the incidence of other infectious complications. Further RCTs are needed to establish an evidence-based rationale for the use of MBP in elective colorectal surgery.

Does treatment modality of intracranial ruptured aneurysms influence the incidence of cerebral vasospasm and clinical outcome?

BACKGROUND: Cerebral vasospasm is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study is designed to determine whether the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm and the overall clinical outcome differ between patients treated with surgical clipping compared with endovascular obliteration of aneurysms. METHODS: In this prospective study, 98 patients with aneurysmal SAH were treated. Seventy-two patients underwent surgery and clipping and 26 had coil embolization. The incidence of symptomatic vasospasm, permanent neurologic deficit due to vasospasm and clinical outcome were analyzed. Patients with better clinical and radiological grades (World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grades I-III and Fisher grades I-III) were analyzed separately. RESULTS: Symptomatic vasospasm occurred in 22% of the patients; 25% in the surgical group and 15% in the endovascular group. Nine percent of the patients in the surgical group and 7% in the endovascular group suffered ischemic infarction with permanent neurological deficit. These differences did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.42). For patients with better clinical and radiological grades, no significant difference was found for the rate of symptomatic vasospasm; 23% in the surgical and 12% in the endovascular group (p = 0.49). The overall clinical outcome was comparable in both groups, with no difference in the likelihood of a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 3 or less (15% in the surgical and 16% in the endovascular group; p = 0.87). The same results for outcome were obtained for the subgroup of patients with better clinical grades on admission. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic vasospasm and ischemic infarction rate seem comparable in both groups, even for patients with better clinical and radiological admission grades. There is no significant difference in the overall clinical outcome at the long-term follow-up between both groups.

Early prediction of acute pancreatitis: prospective study comparing computed tomography scans, Ranson, Glascow, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, and various serum markers.

The aim of this study was to assess the predictability of the outcome of acute pancreatitis using the Ranson, Glascow, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores, the computed tomography (CT) scan, and several serum markers. Altogether, 137 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis confirmed by CT scan were prospectively included. Blood samples were obtained daily for 6 days. The predictive value of each parameter was studied by univariate and multivariate analyses comparing mild and severe pancreatitis. A total of 111 attacks were graded as mild (81%) and 26 as severe (19%). Ranson (p = 0.3) and APACHE II (p = 0.049) scores appeared insufficiently predictive in the univariate analysis. Pancreatic imaging by CT scan was insufficiently predictive (p > 0.05), whereas the presence of extrapancreatic fluid collections was more indicative of outcome (p <0.05). With the univariate analysis, the four most reliable serum markers were pancreatic amylase (p <0.001), neutrophil elastase (p <0.05), albumin (p <0.002), and C-reactive protein (p <0.001). Results became homogeneous when the CT results were added; serum albumin plus extrapancreatic fluid collections (negative predictive value 92%-96% and positive predictive value 67%-100%) comprised the best indicator of severity. None of the parameters tested achieved sufficient predictability when used alone. Serum albumin plus extrapancreatic fluid collections comprise the best indicator of severity at the time of admission.