ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We examined how sociodemographic and audiologic factors affect receptive and expressive language outcomes in children with cochlear implantation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A hearing loss (HL) clinic at a tertiary center. METHODS: Sociodemographic variables, HL characteristics, age at implantation, and receptive language scores (Preschool Language Scale and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals) were collected from patients with congenital HL who received their first implant by 4 years old after January 1, 2007. t Tests, linear regression, Mann-Whitney, Cohen's d, and mediation analysis were used for descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing. RESULTS: Among 79 patients, 42 (53%) were females, 44 (56%) under-represented minorities, and 56 (71%) had public insurance. At least 1 year after implantation, the median receptive language score was 69 (range 50-117). Females (p = .005), having private insurance (p = .00001), having a Cochlear Implant Profile score below 4 (p = .0001), and receiving their implant at or before 12 months of age (p = .0009) were significantly associated with improved receptive language outcomes. Insurance type had a significant effect on receptive language outcomes, independent from age at first implantation (total effect: coef = -13.00, p = .02; direct effect: coef = -12.26, p = .03; indirect effect: coef = -0.75, p = .47). Sociodemographic variables had large effect sizes, with the Cochlear Implant Profile score having the largest effect size (d = 1.3). CONCLUSION: Sociodemographic factors have a large impact on receptive language outcomes. Public insurance is associated with worse receptive language, not mediated by later age at implantation, suggesting that other factors primarily impact language outcomes in publicly insured children with cochlear implants.
Subject(s)
Cochlear Implantation , Cochlear Implants , Deafness , Speech Perception , Child, Preschool , Female , Child , Humans , Male , Retrospective Studies , Language Development , Language , Deafness/surgeryABSTRACT
Objective: Cochlear implants (CIs) are auditory prostheses for individuals with severe to profound hearing loss, offering substantial but incomplete restoration of hearing function by stimulating the auditory nerve using electrodes. However, progress in CI performance and innovation has been constrained by the inability to rapidly test multiple sound processing strategies. Current research interfaces provided by major CI manufacturers have limitations in supporting a wide range of auditory experiments due to portability, programming difficulties, and the lack of direct comparison between sound processing algorithms. To address these limitations, we present the CompHEAR research platform, designed specifically for the Cochlear Implant Hackathon, enabling researchers to conduct diverse auditory experiments on a large scale. Study Design: Quasi-experimental. Setting: Virtual. Methods: CompHEAR is an open-source, user-friendly platform which offers flexibility and ease of customization, allowing researchers to set up a broad set of auditory experiments. CompHEAR employs a vocoder to simulate novel sound coding strategies for CIs. It facilitates even distribution of listening tasks among participants and delivers real-time metrics for evaluation. The software architecture underlies the platform's flexibility in experimental design and its wide range of applications in sound processing research. Results: Performance testing of the CompHEAR platform ensured that it could support at least 10,000 concurrent users. The CompHEAR platform was successfully implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic and enabled global collaboration for the CI Hackathon (www.cihackathon.com). Conclusion: The CompHEAR platform is a useful research tool that permits comparing diverse signal processing strategies across a variety of auditory tasks with crowdsourced judging. Its versatility, scalability, and ease of use can enable further research with the goal of promoting advancements in cochlear implant performance and improved patient outcomes.
