Coronary steal syndrome after coronary artery bypass for anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery.

Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery found in a symptomatic 9-year-old boy was initially treated with coronary artery bypass grafting using a left internal mammary artery anastomoses to the left anterior descending coronary artery, but resulted in coronary ischemia, likely from a steal phenomenon. Subsequent transection of the proximal left internal mammary artery with anastomosis to the ascending aorta, and coronary ostial enlargement, resulted in a durable treatment. We recommend caution in choosing coronary artery bypass grafting using a left internal mammary artery pedicle graft for the treatment of anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery.

Protocols associated with no mortality in 100 consecutive Fontan procedures.

OBJECTIVES: Results of Fontan's procedure have improved considerably, but perioperative mortality still occurs, attributed to ventricular dysfunction, stroke, arrhythmia, thromboembolism, and multi-organ dysfunction. Our protocols of operative and intensive care unit management address these potential issues, and have been associated with zero mortality, even with many high-risk candidates. METHODS: From 1996 to 2006, all Fontan patients were managed as follows: operative strategy based on aortic and single atrial cannulation, cooling on full-flow bypass, and hypothermic circulatory arrest to create the Fontan pathway. No direct caval cannulation. Use of central venous lines was completely avoided. Fresh whole blood was used for pump prime and for volume restoration. Inotropic and vasodilator therapy was continued for at least 48 h. Aspirin was used exclusively as anti-thrombotic therapy. Postoperative pleural drainage was accomplished with small pigtail catheters. The usual Fontan pathway was by lateral atrial tunnel (84), with extra-cardiac conduit when dictated by anatomy (16). RESULTS: One hundred Fontan operations were performed with no mortality. All patients were extubated by postoperative day 1. Hospital stay was 10+/-5 days. Complications were: bleeding (1), reintubation (1), emergent fenestration closure (1), pericardial effusion (4), and seizures (1). Risk factors included Fontan connection to one lung (3), diminutive pulmonary arteries (PAs) and unifocalized major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs) (1), discontinuous PAs (3), right ventricle dependent coronaries (3), neonatal pulmonary venous obstruction (3), Trisomy 21 (1), preoperative pacemaker dependence (2), and heterotaxy (10). No candidate was excluded. CONCLUSIONS: While many surgeons try to avoid bypass or aortic clamping when performing Fontan operations, the strategies we have employed facilitate safe accomplishment of Fontan's operation in diverse anatomic groups with multiple risk factors, with avoidance of operative mortality in 100 consecutive cases.

Selective timing for the arterial switch operation.

BACKGROUND: To determine outcomes for the arterial switch operation individualized according to the underlying anatomy and clinical status. METHODS: A retrospective review of a consecutive series of infants less than 90 days of age who underwent the arterial switch operation at a single institution. RESULTS: From July 1993-April 2001, 117 infants underwent an arterial switch operation before 90 days of age. Seventy-five patients (64%) had transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum with the aim of operation before 14 days of age; however, 8 of these patients had delayed presentation (range 15-46 days). Thirty-five patients (30%) had transposition with a ventricular septal defect (30 patients) or double outlet right ventricle (5 patients) and normal arch anatomy and were repaired within the first 90 days of life depending on the severity of heart failure at a median of 12 days of age (range 3-83 days). Seven patients (6%) had associated aortic coarctation (5 patients) or interrupted aortic arch (2 patients). One patient died during hospitalization (0.85% hospital mortality) and one patient died from noncardiac causes during a median follow-up of 35 months (1.7% total mortality). Four patients required intervention during follow-up (3.4%) for new aortic coarctation (2 patients), supravalvar pulmonic stenosis (1 patient), or right hemi-diaphragm paralysis (1 patient). CONCLUSIONS: Individualized timing for the arterial switch operation within the first ninety days of life produces excellent survival rates for all types of transposition physiology with the expectation of a satisfactory course during follow-up.

Intracardiac echocardiography during transcatheter interventions for congenital heart disease.

Although transesophageal echocardiography is often used for guidance during transcatheter interventions, few data exist regarding the use of the newer modality of intracardiac echocardiography. This brief report summarizes our single center experience using intracardiac echocardiographic guidance during transcatheter interventional procedures for congenital heart disease.

Staged repair of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of a staged surgical approach for tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia, hypoplastic or absent pulmonary arteries, and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of these patients from a single institution. RESULTS: From July 1993 to April 2001, 46 consecutive patients with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries were treated with staged surgical repair. The operative sequence usually began with a central aortopulmonary shunt followed by unifocalization of aortopulmonary collateral arteries depending on the source and distribution of pulmonary blood flow. Twenty-eight patients (61%) subsequently underwent complete repair with ventricular septal defect closure and right ventricle to pulmonary artery connection. Those patients who underwent complete repair had a median of 3 total operations (range 1-6). The ratio of the mean pulmonary artery pressure to the mean systemic blood pressure at the time of complete repair was 0.36 (range 0.19-0.58). Two of the 28 repaired patients (7.1%) required subsequent fenestration of the ventricular septal defect closure due to later development of supersystemic right ventricular pressure and right ventricular failure. Eighteen patients (39%) have undergone 1 or more staging operations and are considered good candidates for eventual complete repair. There were no hospital deaths. There was 1 late death (2.2%; 95% CI 0.4-11.3%) in a patient born prematurely who developed severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia precluding complete repair. CONCLUSIONS: For tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries, a staged surgical approach yields low overall mortality and acceptable hemodynamics after complete repair.

Transcatheter angioplasty for acquired pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary vein stenosis has recently been recognized as a complication of radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. This study evaluates the presentation of affected patients and the role of transcatheter therapy for this patient population. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study used a retrospective review of data from 19 patients (age, 51+/-13 years) with pulmonary vein stenosis who underwent catheterization and angiography between December 2000 and December 2002. Quantitative perfusion and spiral CT scans were performed for initial diagnosis and follow-up. The median duration between radiofrequency ablation and the reported onset of respiratory symptoms for 18 of 19 patients was 7.5 weeks (0.1 to 48). After the onset of symptoms, all but two patients were initially misdiagnosed with a symptoms-to-diagnosis duration of 16 weeks (2-59). At initial catheterization, 17 of 19 patients had angioplasty in 30 veins with stent placement in 5 vessels when a flap occurred. Overall vessel diameter increased from 2.6+/-1.6 to 6.6+/-2.4 mm (P<0.0001). There were 4 procedure-related adverse events but no long-term sequelae. Immediate follow-up showed improved flow to involved lung segments. At a median follow-up of 43 weeks (2-92), although repeat angioplasty for restenosis was necessary in 8 of 17 patients, 15 of 17 patients currently have no or minimal persistent symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation is often misdiagnosed. Although further follow-up is necessary to determine long-term success, our data indicate better pulmonary vein flow and symptomatic improvement in the majority of patients undergoing dilation of postablation pulmonary vein stenosis.

Results of the double switch operation for congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcomes for a program that utilizes the double switch operation as the primary approach for congenitally corrected transposition. METHODS: The records of 46 consecutive patients from a single institution who had undergone a double switch operation from October 1993 to March 2002 were reviewed. The records of 24 patients who were evaluated during the same period and felt not to be candidates for the double switch operation or who are awaiting double switch after pulmonary artery banding were also reviewed. RESULTS: The median age at operation was 28 months (range 2 months to 16.3 years). Associated defects included ventricular septal defect 40, pulmonic stenosis 13 and pulmonary atresia 16. Twenty-six patients underwent an arterial switch operation combined with a Senning procedure while 20 patients underwent combined Rastelli and Senning procedures. Before the double switch, 12 patients had required pulmonary artery banding and 21 patients had systemic to pulmonary artery shunts. The median duration of stay in the intensive care unit was 3.5 days (range 2-60 days) and the median duration of total hospital stay was 8 days (range 5-60 days). There were no hospital deaths; one patient died 5 months after discharge due to an arrhythmogenic cardiac arrest during a median follow-up of 24 months [long-term survival 98% (95% CI 89-100%)]. CONCLUSIONS: The double switch operation may be performed with excellent hospital and long-term survival. The theoretical advantages of this procedure which enables the morphologic left ventricle and mitral valve to support a systemic pressure load must be established by careful follow-up of these patients.

Creation of a dual-coronary system for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery utilizing the trapdoor flap method.

OBJECTIVE: Results of the repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) have improved. Direct implantation of the anomalous coronary artery into the ascending aorta establishes a dual-coronary system and is the goal of current surgical approaches. We report the development of our surgical technique for ALCAPA. METHODS: Between September 1993 and December 2000, 13 patients underwent surgery for ALCAPA. There were four males and nine females. Ages ranged from 1 month to 25 years (median=3.9) and weight ranged from 2.6 to 102kg (median=16.8). One patient had previously undergone an operative procedure at an outside institution. RESULTS: Direct implantation of the anomalous coronary artery into the ascending aorta was feasible in 12 of 13 patients. In situ transfer was performed in one patient with an intramural coronary artery. The first case in the series required an intrapulmonary baffle reconstruction (Takeuchi procedure) because the coronary artery arose remotely from the ascending aorta from the left-anterior sinus of the PA. For coronary transfer, a trapdoor flap was created on the ascending aorta for the implantation of the coronary button and the sinus defect in the main PA was augmented with a pericardial patch. The left ventricular (LV) shortening fraction was improved from a median value of 27% (range 12-36%) preoperatively to 33% (range 24-45%) in the immediate postoperative period (P=0.004). The LV end-diastolic dimension decreased from a median value of 36 mm (range 22-70 mm) preoperatively to 29 mm (range 19-56 mm) in the immediate postoperative period (P=0.004). There has been no mortality or reoperation during a median follow-up of 36 months. CONCLUSIONS: Using a standard technique, direct implantation of the anomalous coronary artery into the ascending aorta was achieved in all cases but one. At intermediate follow-up, LV function had improved by echocardiography. No postoperative mechanical circulatory support was required in any of these patients. This operative technique is reproducible and is applicable to the majority of patients with ALCAPA.

Cutting balloon angioplasty for children with small-vessel pulmonary artery stenoses.

Patients with complex congenital heart disease may have pulmonary artery stenoses that are either congenital or associated with scarring following surgical procedures. This study evaluates cutting balloon angioplasty for small-vessel pulmonary artery stenoses resistant to standard balloon angioplasty. Between October 1998 and December 1999, patients were enrolled in an FDA-approved compassionate-use protocol. During four catheterizations, there were seven lesions found resistant to standard balloon angioplasty (mean lesion diameter was unchanged: 1.8 mm +/- 0.8 mm to 1.9 +/- 0.8 mm). A cutting balloon was inflated twice in each of these lesions. Standard balloon angioplasty was then repeated. Final mean lesion diameter was increased significantly (1.9 mm +/- 0.8 mm to 3.8 +/- 1.3 mm; P

Coil Occlusion of Elderly Ductus Arteriosus.

Surgical management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the elderly population is complicated by a fragile aortic wall due to atheromatous lesions, the presence of friable tissue at the surgical site, and calcification of the ductus. A viable option for the elderly patient is transcatheter closure of the PDA using a synthetic plug. Transcatheter coil occlusion has been shown to be an effective nonsurgical technique for closure of the persistently PDA in a younger population. We report a case of a 75 year old woman who had complete occlusion of her PDA with a single Gianturco coil after recurrence of her ductus 3 years post surgical ligation. The successful transcatheter treatment is presented with emphasis on the simple and safe technique utilized. (c)1999 by CVRR, Inc.