Trayectoria del compromiso académico en estudiantes secundarios de la provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer la trayectoria del compromiso académico en estudiantes secundarios de Entre Ríos, Argentina, en tres tiempos de su recorrido escolar. El diseño fue cuantitativo, siendo un estudio de tipo longitudinal. El muestreo utilizado fue no probabilístico intencional. La muestra se constituyó por adolescentes escolarizados de Entre Ríos, consistió en 105 sujetos para el primer tiempo, 101 para el segundo y 97 para el tercero. Las edades abarcaron desde los 13 hasta los 15 años. En cuanto al instrumento, se utilizó la adaptación argentina de la Utrecht-Work Engagement Scale en su versión para estudiantes. Se realizaron análisis de estadística descriptiva básica y análisis de modelos de curva de crecimiento latente. Los resultados evidencian bajos niveles de compromiso de los estudiantes con sus actividades escolares. Además, en relación a la trayectoria del engagement, los hallazgos indican que el compromiso se mantuvo constante en el tiempo en la dimensión vigor y disminuyó en los componentes dedicación y absorción hacia el tercer tiempo de evaluación. Se reflexiona sobre la importancia de la promoción del compromiso académico en población adolescente, por ejemplo, a través de la ejecución de intervenciones.

The objective of the work was to know the trajectory of academic engagement in secondary students from Entre Ríos, Argentina, in three stages of their school journey. The design was quantitative, being a longitudinal study. The sampling used was intentional non-probabilistic. The sample was made up of school adolescents from Entre Ríos. It consisted of 105 subjects for the first time, 101 for the second and 97 for the third. The ages ranged from 13 to 15 years. Regarding the instrument, the Argentine adaptation of the Utrecht-Work Engagement Scale in its version for students was used. Analysis of basic descriptive statistics and Analysis of Latent Growth Curve Models were performed; The results show low levels of student engagement to their school activities. In addition, in relation to the trajectory of engagement over time, the findings indicate that the commitment remained constant over time in the vigor dimension and decreased in the dedication and absorption components towards the third evaluation period.

[Second victim experience and support from health professionals]. / Segunda víctima: experiencia y medidas de apoyo percibidas por los profesionales sanitarios.

INTRODUCTION: The second victims are those professionals who, when faced with a mistake, are traumatized, questioning their professional and personal skills. Knowledge of their experience allows institutions to understand the consequences of error in professionals to carry out care actions for the professionals involved, improving care security. The objective of this study is to characterize the phenomenon of second victims and to know the perceived support measures. METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive observational quantitative study. Health professionals from five highly complex institutions participated through convenience sampling. The data collection instrument was the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (SVEST) validated in Argentina, composed of impact dimensions (psychological, physical and professional skills) of support received (colleagues, supervisors, institutional and measures not related to the workplace) and two outcome dimensions (professional abandonment and absenteeism). RESULTS: 1134 professionals participated and 56% said they had made a mistake. The mean STEVS was 2.5, with the psychological impact dimension predominating (x = 3.4). As part of the support measures, professionals perceived greater support from family and friends (not related to work) (x = 3.1). The greater the impact, the lower the perception of support measures (Rho: -0.8, p = 0.047). DISCUSSION: More than half of the professionals refer to being second victim with a significant psychological impact, who, despite working in institutions that have patient safety protocols, received support from nonwork-related environments.

Introducción: Las segundas víctimas son aquellos profesionales que, ante un error, quedan traumatizados, cuestionándose sus habilidades profesionales y personales. El conocimiento de su experiencia permite a las instituciones entender las consecuencias del error en los profesionales para realizar acciones de atención a los profesionales involucrados mejorando la seguridad de atención. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar el fenómeno de segundas víctimas y conocer las medidas de apoyo percibidas. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo observacional descriptivo transversal. Participaron profesionales de la salud de cinco instituciones de alta complejidad a través de un muestreo por conveniencia. El instrumento de recogida de datos fue el Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (SVEST) validado en Argentina, compuesta por dimensiones de impacto (psicológico, físico y de habilidades profesionales) de apoyo recibido (colegas, supervisores, institucional y medidas no relacionadas al ámbito laboral) y dos dimensiones de resultado (abandono profesional y ausentismo). Resultados: Participaron 1134 profesionales. El 56% manifestó haber cometido un error y completó el SVEST. La media del SVEST fue de 2.5 predominando la dimensión de impacto psicológico (x = 3.4). Como parte de las medidas de apoyo los profesionales percibieron mayor apoyo en familiares y amigos (x = 3.1). A mayor impacto menor percepción de las medidas de apoyo (Rho: -0.8, p = 0.047). Discusión: Más de la mitad de los profesionales refieren ser segundas víctimas con un impacto psicológico importante, los cuales, a pesar de trabajar en instituciones que cuentan con protocolos de seguridad del paciente, reciben el apoyo principalmente de entornos no relacionados al trabajo.

Growth patterns of ingroup and outgroup prosocial behavior in Colombian and Uruguayan adolescents: Examining gratitude and forgiveness as predictors of change.

The first goal of the current research was to study the short-term developmental patterns of ingroup and outgroup prosocial behavior during the middle adolescence stage among Uruguayan and Colombian adolescents. The second goal was to study the probability of inclusion in each trajectory class arising from gratitude and forgiveness (understood as the absence of negative emotions and the presence of positive emotions toward an aggressor) while controlling for gender and age. The study included two short-term longitudinal samples from two Latin American countries: Colombia (N = 212, M age = 13.82 years, SD = 1.25) and Uruguay (N = 269, M age = 14.02 years, SD = 1.39). The data were collected at three time points within a 3-month interval. The first finding indicated that different patterns in ingroup and outgroup prosocial behavior in adolescents emerged in both Latin American countries. Moreover, two classes-high and low-were identified in the trajectory of ingroup prosocial behavior, while three different classes-high, moderate, and low-were found in the trajectory of outgroup prosocial behavior in both countries. The results indicated that high levels of gratitude increased the probability that Uruguayan adolescents were included in the group of adolescents with high levels of ingroup prosocial behavior. High levels of positive emotions toward an aggressor (a dimension of forgiveness) increased the probability that a Colombian adolescent belonged to the group of adolescents with high levels of ingroup prosociality. Regarding outgroup prosocial behavior, different predictors were also identified between the countries. The results indicated that high levels of gratitude and positive emotions toward an aggressor increased the probability that Uruguayan adolescents were included in the group of adolescents with high or moderate levels of outgroup prosocial behavior. Only positive emotions toward an aggressor increased the probability that Colombian adolescents were included in the group of adolescents with high or moderate levels of outgroup prosocial behavior.

Intellectual Virtues for Interdisciplinary Research: A Consensual Qualitative Analysis.

Through a qualitative approach, this study identified a specific subgroup of intellectual virtues necessary for developing interdisciplinary research. Cognitive science was initially conceived as a new discipline emerging from various fields, including philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, and anthropology. Thus, a frequent debate among cognitive scientists is whether the initial multidisciplinary program successfully developed into a mature interdisciplinary field or evolved into a set of independent sciences of cognition. For several years, interdisciplinarity has been an aspiration for the academy, although the difficulties limiting the success of interdisciplinary collaborations have begun to erode that initial optimism. Our analysis suggests that the problems hindering the success of interdisciplinarity can be overcome by fostering certain intellectual character strengths in scholars. The Consensual Qualitative Research method was used to analyze nine semi-structured interviews involving researchers with a long personal trajectory of interdisciplinary research between the sciences and the humanities. Three virtue domains emerged from the interviews' analysis: (i) intellectual virtues, (ii) social virtues, and (iii) interpersonal intellectual virtues. The virtues of the third domain intersect with intellectual and social ones. They are intellectual because they pursue epistemic goods. But, unlike other intellectual virtues, they only develop in interpersonal settings, so they can also be considered to have a social component. Interpersonal intellectual virtues can be thus defined as intellectual character traits that facilitate the acquisition of knowledge (intellectual motivation) with and through other people in a reciprocal way (social environment). These virtues are essential for developing any successful collective epistemic enterprise, interdisciplinary research being a privileged context where these qualities manifest themselves in a relevant way.

Adaptación y validación de la Escala Disposicional de Empatía Positiva a población adolescente argentina / Adaptation and Validation of the Dispositional Positive Empathy Scale to the Argentine Adolescent Population

Resumen La empatía positiva implica una expresión de felicidad o alegría, la cual es resultado de comprender la condición emocional positiva de otra persona y compartirla. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación de la Escala Disposicional de Empatía Positiva (Dispositional Positive Empathy Scale) en población adolescente argentina. El instrumento sobre el cual se realizó la adaptación está compuesto por siete ítems, originalmente en idioma inglés. La muestra (n = 303) estuvo conformada por 95 varones (31 %) y 208 mujeres (69 %), con edades entre 11 y 17 años, estudiantes de secundaria. Se estudió la validez de constructo realizando un análisis factorial confirmatorio y la invariancia de la escala en relación con el sexo y edad de los participantes. Se comprobó la validez convergente con la conducta prosocial hacia diversos objetivos, las diferencias de los niveles de empatia positiva entre los sexos y en distintos grupos de edad y los niveles de fiabilidad (Ω = .78). Los resultados indican que la escala es unidimensional, coincidiendo con la versión original. Se encontró un buen ajuste del modelo a los datos (CFI = .98; TU = .96; NNFI = .96; NFI = .95; RMSEA = .05). El modelo permaneció constante en ambos sexos y grupos de edades. La empatia positiva se relacionó con la prosocialidad y se encontraron diferencias según sexo y edades. Los hallazgos dan cuenta de que las características psicométricas de la adaptación de la Escala Disposicional de Empatía Positiva a población adolescente argentina son satisfactorias.

Abstract Positive empathy implies an expression of happiness or joy, resulting from understanding the positive emotional condition of another person and sharing it. The aim of this research was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the adaptation of the Dispositional Positive Empathy Scale in the Argentine adolescent population. The instrument on which the adaptation was made consists of seven items, originally in English. The sample (N = 303) was made up of 95 males (31 %) and 208 females (69%), aged between 11 and 17 years old, high school students. Construct validity was studied by performing a confirmatory factor analysis and the invariance of the scale in relation to the sex and age of the participants. Convergent validity was verified with prosocial behavior towards various goals, differences in levels of positive empathy between sexes and across different age groups, and reliability levels (Ω = .78) were tested. The results indicate that the scale is one-dimensional, coinciding with the original version. A good fit of the model to the data was found (CFI = .98; TLI = .96; NNFI = .96; NFI = .95; RMSEA = .05). The model remained constant across both sexes and age groups. Positive empathy was related to prosociality and differences were found according to sex and age. The findings show that the psychometric characteristics of the adaptation of the Positive Empathy Dispositional Scale to the Argentine adolescent population are satisfactory.

Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Experiencias Espirituales Diarias en adolescentes y jóvenes argentinos / Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale Psychometric Analysis among Argentinian Adolescents and Young Adults

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Experiencias Espirituales Diarias (DSES). Se analiza específicamente la consistencia interna, la discriminación de los ítems, la estructura factorial exploratoria y confirmatoria, y la validez constructiva. Método. Se conformó una muestra de 692 adolescentes y jóvenes entre los 12 y los 28 años. Se aplicó además la Escala de Experiencias Espirituales Diarias y la dimensión bienestar emocional de la Escala Multidimensional de Flourishing. Resultados. Se evidenciaron ítems discriminativos y buena consistencia interna. Se comprobó la estructura unifactorial, y se halló correlación entre la espiritualidad y el bienestar emocional, lo cual respalda la validez constructiva. Se concluye que la DSES presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas que apoyan su uso para la evaluación de la espiritualidad en adolescentes y jóvenes argentinos.

Objective. The present work aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES), specifically analyzing the internal consistency, the discrimination of the items, the exploratory and confirmatory factorial structure, and the constructive validity. Method. A sample of 692 adolescents and young adults aged between 12 and 28 years old was collected. In addition, the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale and the emotional well-being dimension of the Multidimensional Flourishing Scale were applied. Results. Discriminatory items and good internal consistency were evidenced. The unifactorial structure was verified, and a correlation between spirituality and emotional well-being was found, which supports the construct's validity. It is concluded that the DSES has adequate psychometric properties that support its use for the evaluation of spirituality in Argentine adolescents and young adults.

Work orientation and flourishing life in twelve Ibero-American countries / Orientación laboral y vida floreciente en doce países iberoamericanos

Abstract Introduction/Objetive: Work orientation includes the individual's beliefs regarding the role of work in his/her life as a whole and what they are searching for in their careers. There are three types of orientation to work: job, career, and vocation. Work orientation has the distinction of examining how work connects with people's lives and is, therefore, an appropriate construct for evaluating the impact of work on human flourishing. The aims of this study are first to explore work orientation in twelve Ibero-American countries; and second, to investigate whether work orientation affects flourishing in the lives of adults in twelve Ibero-American countries. Method: A total of 3000 adults participated in this study. The University of Pennsylvania Work-Life Questionnaire was used to evaluate the type of relationship that employees reported having with their work, according to the distinctions between job, career, and calling. A 12-item version of the Multidimensional Flourishing Scale was used to measure three aspects of flourishing: social, psychological, and emotional well-being. Results: Most participants reported a high level of calling in their work orientation. In most countries, those with a calling orientation reported higher levels of social and psychological well-being than those with a job orientation. The results indicate a clear relationship between a calling orientation and social and psychological well-being. Conclusion: This research is the first to compare the relationship between work-orientation and flourishing in Ibero-America. The findings help us understand that work-orientation is not a secondary aspect of a person's life but has fundamental implications in the lives of workers.

Resumen Introducción/Objetivo: La orientación laboral incluye las creencias del individuo sobre el papel del trabajo en su vida como un todo y lo que está buscando en su carrera. La orientación laboral examina cómo el trabajo se conecta con la vida de las personas y es un constructo apropiado para evaluar el efecto del trabajo en el florecimiento humano. Se propone explorar la orientación laboral en 12 países iberoamericanos; e investigar si la orientación laboral afecta el florecimiento humano. Método: Tres mil adultos participaron en este estudio. Se utilizó el Work-Life Questionnaire para evaluar el tipo de relación que los empleados informan tener con su trabajo, de acuerdo con las distinciones entre trabajo, carrera y vocación. Se utilizó la Escala de Florecimiento Multidimensional para medir tres aspectos del florecimiento: bienestar social, psicológico y emocional. Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes informaron un alto nivel de orientación laboral como vocación. En la mayoría de los países, aquellos que trabajan por vocación informaron niveles más altos de bienestar social y psicológico que aquellos que trabajan solo por una motivación económica. Conclusiones: Esta investigación es la primera en comparar la relación entre la orientación al trabajo y el florecimiento humano en Iberoamérica. Los hallazgos nos ayudan a comprender que la orientación al trabajo no es un aspecto secundario de la vida de una persona, sino que tiene implicaciones fundamentales en los trabajadores.

Promoting positive emotions and instilling concern for the needs of others during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The purpose of this research is to study the efficacy of the home-based Hero program in promoting positive emotions and prosocial behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample included 237 12- to 15-year-old adolescents from Argentina. The level of positive emotions and prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends and family in the adolescent intervention group increased through the three evaluation periods. The Hero program was focused on recognizing one's own emotions and provided an opportunity to reflect on different positive aspects of life, thus allowing a change in perspective related to immediate negative events. Moreover, the program provided an opportunity to change adolescents' perspective from personal worries to concerns about others, including friends, family members, and even strangers in need.

Relationship quality and support for family policy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: We examined how relationship satisfaction changed during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as how relationship satisfaction related to public policy support. Background: Conservation of resources (COR) theory suggests that societal-level stressors (such as a global pandemic) threaten familial and individual resources, straining couple relationships. Relationship satisfaction is in turn linked with important individual, familial, and societal outcomes, necessitating research on how COVID-19 impacted this facet of relationships. Method: Drawing from an international project on COVID-19 and family life, participants included 734 married and cohabiting American parents of children under 18 years of age. Results: Findings revealed relationship satisfaction declined moderately compared to retrospective reports of relationship satisfaction prior to the pandemic. This decline was more precipitous for White individuals, women, parents less involved in their children's lives, and those reporting higher levels of depressive symptoms. We also found that higher relationship satisfaction was associated with higher levels of support for family policy, particularly for men. At higher levels of relationship satisfaction, men and women had similarly high levels of support for family policy, while at lower levels, women's support for family policy was significantly higher. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic likely amplified facets of social inequality, which is especially concerning when considering the large socioeconomic gaps prior to the pandemic. Implications: Therapists, researchers, and policy makers should examine how relationship satisfaction may have changed during the pandemic because relationship satisfaction is linked to child and adult well-being and relationship dissolution. Further, the link between relationship satisfaction and support for family policy deserves further scrutiny.

Parental mental health and child anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America.

This study examined parents' (N = 10,141, 64% women) reports of their and their childrens' depression, anxiety, and stress in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia and Argentina. The data come from the COVID-19 Family Life Study (Ben Brik, 2020) and cohort recruited between April and December 2020. Participants completed online surveys that included the DASS-21 and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. Our findings indicate that socio-economically disadvantaged families fared worse in mental health during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic compared with families with more social and economic resources. Mothers reported higher anxiety, depression, and stress compared with fathers. Parents of adolescents and adolescents fared worse than did families with younger children. Parental physical activity was associated with better parent and child mental health of anxiety symptoms. We discuss the need to address the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in families in Latin America via coordinated mental health and psychosocial support services that are integrated into the pandemic response currently and after the pandemic subsides.

Problemas emocionales, personalidad oscura, sexting y grooming en adolescentes: el rol del género y la edad / Emotional Problems, Dark Personality, Sexting and Grooming in Adolescents: the role of Gender and Age

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo estudiar si los problemas emocionales (depresión y ansiedad) y la Personalidad Oscura eran predictores del sexting y el grooming, y si este comportamiento varía según el género y la edad. Se constituyó una muestra de 728 adolescentes entre 11 y 18 años (38% hombres) de tres escuelas secundarias privadas ubicadas en Buenos Aires y Paraná, Argentina. Completaron un Cuestionario de sexting, el Cuestionario de Solicitación e Interacción Sexual a menores online por parte de adultos para evaluar el comportamiento de grooming, la Escala de síntomas psicosomáticos de Rosenberg, el Inventario de depresión de Kovacs para niños y el Dirty Dozen para los rasgos de Personalidad Oscura. Los resultados mostraron que 12% de los adolescentes admitió haber padecido una conducta de grooming. Las formas más frecuentes fueron el envío de mensajes escritos de carácter sexual (11%) y fotos (10%) y luego, en orden de frecuencia, el envío de videos (4%), pero no se detectaron diferencias por género. Los predictores significativos de sexting y el tamaño de su varianza explicada variaban según el género (R² = 47% para mujeres y R² = 12% para hombres, respectivamente). En el caso de las mujeres, mayor edad y puntajes de psicopatía fueron predictores significativos, y en el de los hombres, menor ansiedad fue el predictor significativo. Un modelo estructural explicó una varianza del 6% para el sexting y 21% para el grooming, indicando que no hubo invarianza, según el género. Las regresiones lineales para predecir el grooming a partir del sexting también sugirieron que el género moderaba esta relación.

Abstract The present study aimed to study if emotional problems (depression and anxiety) and Dark Personality were predictors of sexting and grooming, and if this behavior differs by gender and age. A sample of 728 adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age (38% male) from three private high schools located in Buenos Aires and Paraná, Argentina, was drawn. They completed a Sexting questionnaire, the Questionnaire for Online Sexual Solicitation and Interaction of Minors with Adults for grooming behavior, Rosenberg Scale of Psychosomatic Symptoms, the Kovacs Depression Inventory for Children and the Dirty Dozen for dark personality traits. Results showed that 12% of adolescents admitted having carried out a sexting behavior. Sending written messages of a sexual nature (11%) and photos (10%) were the most prevalent ways, followed by videos (4%), but no differences were detected according to gender. Significant predictors of sexting and the size of its explained variance ranged by gender (R² = 47% for females and R² = 12% for men, respectively). In the case of females, older age and psychopathy were the significant predictors. In the case of males, less anxiety was the significant predictors. A structural model explained a variance of 6% for sexting and 21% for grooming, indicating that there was no inavariance, according to gender. Linear regressions to predict grooming from sexting also suggested this relationship was moderated by gender.

Evidencias de validez del Inventario NEO-FFI en adultos mayores colombianos / Validity evidence of the Inventory NEO-FFI in Colombian older adults

Resumen El uso de instrumentos para evaluar la personalidad es una práctica común en psicología, de ahí que su validación y adaptación a diferentes grupos poblacionales sea fundamental. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la validez de constructo del NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) en un grupo de 617 personas adultas mayores en Bogotá, Colombia. Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios, así como un análisis bifactorial. Los resultados mostraron que el inventario no logra un ajuste adecuado en ninguno de los modelos de primer orden, ni en el modelo bifactorial, como tampoco en el análisis de los factores por separado. Solamente, presentó un ajuste adecuado en los modelos AFC modificados que evalúan cada factor como individual, a excepción del factor Amabilidad. Precisamente, los ítems que tuvieron bajas cargas factoriales son aquellos ítems negativos o reversos, y, dado que la comprensión de este tipo de ítems requiere de mejores habilidades lingüísticas, se infiere que el bajo nivel educativo de las personas que conformaron la muestra pudo interferir en el logro de un ajuste adecuado de los modelos; en consecuencia, se recomienda estudiar este aspecto en futuras investigaciones.

Abstract The use of instruments to assess personality is a common practice in psychology, therefore its validation and adaptation to different population groups is fundamental. The aim of the current research was to evaluate the construct validity of the NEO-FFI Inventory in a group of 617 elderly people in Bogotá, Colombia. First ordered confirmatory factor analyses and bi-factor models were performed. The results showed that the Inventory does not achieve an adequate adjustment in any of the first-order models, nor in the bi-factorial model, nor in the analysis of the factors separately. Only in the modified CFA models that evaluate each factor individually, with the exception of Agreeableness, an adequate fit was achieved. The items registering low factor loadings are especially those negative or reverse items, and since the understanding this type of items requires better linguistic skills, it is inferred that the low educational level of the sample could interfere in achieving an adequate adjustment of the models. Consequently, it is recommended to study this aspect in future research.

Estilo parental desde la perspectiva de los padres: Adaptación argentina del Inventario de Estilos Parentales de Power / The evaluation of parenting style from the perspective of parents: Argentine adaptation of Power's Parenting Styles Inventory

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es adaptar el Inventario de dimensiones parentales en su versión abreviada (Power, 2002) a la población argentina. Se tradujeron los 13 ítems incluidos en la evaluación de la dimensión general, que abarca las dimensiones de: Apoyo/cuidado, Inconsistencia y Seguimiento a través de la disciplina/control. El inventario traducido se administró a una muestra intencional de 771 adultos, 535 mujeres y 236 varones, de entre 26 y 63 años de edad (M = 38.56; DE = 4.76), de clase media (Estrato II de la Escala Graffar/Méndez Castellanos), de población no clínica, y padres y madres de niños que cursaban preescolar en 12 escuelas privadas de distintas provincias de Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza, Santa Fe y Tucumán). El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que el modelo teórico de tres dimensiones, propuesto por los autores de la prueba original, ajustó satisfactoriamente a los datos e indicó una adecuada consistencia de la estructura de la prueba. Además, se analizó la confiabilidad como consistencia interna evaluada a través del omega de McDonald y se obtuvieron los siguientes valores: Apoyo/cuidado = .74; Seguimiento a través de la disciplina/control = .70, e Inconsistencia = .74. Es de hacer notar que, en este inventario, la dimensión Seguimiento a través de la disciplina corresponde a un control moderado, es decir, apropiado para un estilo autoritativo. Finalmente, dado que el inventario ha sido estudiado con una muestra extensa, extraída de varias provincias argentinas, los resultados obtenidos son generalizables a casi todo el país.

Abstract Diana Baumrind (1966) proposed three primary parenting styles: the authoritarian style, the permissive style, and the authoritative style. Almost two decades later, Maccoby and Martin (1983) theoretically added a fourth (negligent) parenting style. Parental styles are based on variations in the levels of the parental dimensions of sensitivity (warmth, affection), parental demand (parental control) and autonomy granted (Richaud, Lemos & Vargas Rubilar, 2013). It has been suggested that the findings related to broad parenting styles are not always easy to interpret (Stewart & Bond, 2002) and that Baumrind's three-category parenting style typology can be usefully disaggregated into parenting dimensions (Darling and Steinberg, 1993). A dimensional approach can be particularly valuable in allowing an independent assessment of parenting and discipline (Locke & Printz, 2002). One of these dimensional models is that of Power (2002), which includes 11 dimensions of which the first three: Sensitivity, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline, evaluate a general dimension of the relationship of parents with their children, as perceived by parents. These three basic dimensions correspond to those of Baumrind described above: sensitivity (warmth, affection), autonomy granted (permissiveness) and parental demand (parental control), respectively. Power's Parenting Styles Inventory (PDI) assesses parenting styles from a parent's perspective. It is a self-report that, as we said, assesses 11 dimensions of parents' attitudes and behaviors towards their children. It has 57 items organized into 11 scales, each of which evaluates different dimensions of parent-child relationships. The first three scales, which include 13 items, measure a "general dimension" (Support / care, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline / control). The following scales assess different types of control and are distinguished from the general dimensions, in that they focus on disciplinary practices in response to the child's misbehavior. The PDI-S is a shortened version, which retains the most valid and reliable components of the original PDI. The PDI-S can be used with parents of children between 3 and 12 years old, and was developed from the PDI (Slater & Power, 1987). Given the importance of having an adequate instrument to assess parental style from the parents' perspective, the objective of this study is to adapt the Inventory of Parental Dimensions in its short version (Power, 2002) to the Argentine population. The 13 items included in the evaluation of the General Dimension, were translated, which includes the dimensions: Support / care, Inconsistency and Follow-up through discipline / control). The translated Inventory was administered to an intentional sample of 771 adults, 535 women and 236 men, between 26 and 63 years of age (Me = 38.56 SD = 4.76), middle class (Stratum II of the Graffar / Méndez Castellanos Scale), of the non-clinical population, and parents of children who attended pre-school in 12 private schools in different provinces of Argentina (Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza, Santa Fe and Tucumán). The Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the three-dimensional theoretical model, proposed by the authors of the original test, satisfactorily adjusted to the data, indicating an adequate consistency of the test structure. In addition, reliability was analyzed as internal consistency evaluated through McDonald's omega, obtaining the following values: Support / care = .74; Follow-up through discipline / control = .70 and Inconsistency = .74. Finally, given that the Inventory has been studied with an extensive sample, drawn from several Argentine provinces, the results obtained are generalizable to almost the entire country.

Perceived Concerns and Psychological Distress of Healthcare Workers Facing Three Early Stages of COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: This study analyzed the difference in psychological distress of the healthcare workers in three different periods of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Argentina. Specifically, from the third week of the mandatory quarantine through the two following weeks. Methods: Analysis of the responses of 1,458 members of the health personnel was done on a questionnaire on healthcare workers concerns regarding the care of patients with coronavirus, indicators of depression, anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and coping. Results: The psychological indicators that were considered presented differences between the evaluated periods. Perceived concerns about the possibility of infecting loved ones and infecting themselves were greatest in the periods after the onset of the pandemic. In addition, the perception of how the work environment worsened and how lack of sleep interfered with their work was also higher in periods 2 and 3. The same results were found in the indicators of depression, anxiety, and intolerance of uncertainty. Finally, the indicators of high tension and concurrent lack of emotional control, which was greater in the last periods evaluated, were also expressed in the coping strategies (showing emotional lability, only contained by hypercontrol). Conclusion: The differences found in the psychological indicators between the evaluated periods support the need for early psychological care of health personnel which should be a priority of public health and a fundamental fact to increase its immediate effectiveness in the care of infected patients.

Attachment Style and Empathy in Late children, Adolescents, and Adults: Meta-analytic Review.

Attachment has a fundamental role in the development of empathy, which helps people interact with others and prevents aggressive behaviors. It is believed that having a secure attachment can promote empathy. However, there is no clear evidence about the relationship between insecure attachment styles and empathy. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the relation between different types of attachment and empathy from late children to adults (9-47 years). It was conducted using 14 studies (11542 participants) for the secure attachment, 7 studies (3115 participants) for the avoidant, and 8 studies (3479 participants) for the anxious-ambivalent. Results indicated that secure attachment was positively correlated with empathy, avoidant attachment was negatively correlated, and anxious-ambivalent attachment had an inconclusive relationship. Whereas the results obtained for the secure and avoidant attachment with empathy are consistent with literature, the inconsistencies in anxious-ambivalent style may be due to a duality of feelings experienced by these individuals, who go from high levels of empathy (to be accepted) to low levels of empathy (to avoid distressing emotions). We suggest broadening the limit in age, include the multidirectional nature of empathy, as well as the effect of gender and different sorts of affiliations (parents, couples) for future studies.

El apego tiene un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de la empatía, la cual ayuda a las personas a interactuar y previene conductas agresivas. Aunque se cree que tener un apego seguro puede promover la empatía, no existe evidencia clara sobre la relación entre los apegos inseguros y la empatía. Consecuentemente, se realizó un metaanálisis para aclarar la relación entre los diferentes tipos de apego y la empatía desde infantes tardíos hasta adultos (9-47 años). Se incluyeron 14 estudios (11542 participantes) para el apego seguro, 7 estudios (3115 participantes) para el evitativo y 8 estudios (3479 participantes) para el ansioso-ambivalente.Los resultados indicaron que el apego seguro se correlacionó positivamente con la empatía, el apego evitativo se correlacionó negativamente y el apego ansioso-ambivalente tuvo una relación no concluyente. Mientras que los resultados obtenidos para el apego seguro y evitativo con empatía concuerdan con la literatura, las inconsistencias en el ansioso-ambivalente pueden deberse a una dualidad de sentimientos experimentados por estos individuos, experimentando desde altos niveles de empatía (buscando aceptación) a bajos niveles de empatía (evitando emociones estresantes).Sugerimos ampliar el límite de edad, incluir la multidireccionalidad de la empatía, el efecto del género y diferentes afiliaciones (padres, parejas) para futuros estudios.

Do Positive Emotions Make You More Prosocial? Direct and Indirect Effects of an Intervention Program on Prosociality in Colombian Adolescents During Social Isolation Due to COVID-19.

The objectives of this study are to analyze the efficacy of the Virtual Hero Program during the social isolation due to COVID-19 to increase the positive emotions (joy, gratitude, serenity, personal satisfaction, and sympathy) and prosocial behavior of Colombian adolescents. Additionally, we will analyze whether the Hero program, by directly promoting positive emotional states in adolescents, can predispose them to take prosocial actions toward other people (via an indirect or mediated effect). The final sample of the study comprised 100 participants from the intervention group (M age = 13.94, SD = 0.97) and 111 from the control group (M age = 14.39, SD = 0.81). The participants were assigned to the groups using a cluster randomized trial. The positive emotions questionnaire and the Kindness and Generosity subscale of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths were used to measure the variables. The results indicated that the program increased joy, gratitude, serenity and personal satisfaction but not sympathy of those who participated in the intervention. The promotion of these positive emotions predisposed the Colombian adolescents to act prosocially. Furthermore, the program was also effective in directly promoting prosocial behaviors in the adolescents during social isolation, as observed through a statistically significant difference in the pre- and post-test evaluations between the control and intervention groups. The structure of the intervention brought adolescents closer to social situations to which isolation had limited their access, promoting the importance of closeness and solidarity with others within the complexities of the social confinement context. This study is particularly relevant because interventions with proven effectiveness are necessary to counteract the trauma produced by social isolation in young people throughout the world.

Correction: Study of the efficacy of the Hero program: Cross-national evidence.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238442.].

Study of the efficacy of the Hero program: Cross-national evidence.

The present study focuses on an analysis of the efficacy of the online intervention program called "Hero" for promoting prosociality and other socioemotional variables related to prosocial behavior, such as empathy, positive emotions, and forgiveness, in two Latin American countries: Argentina and Uruguay. The final Argentinean sample consisted of 579 adolescents (experimental group = 319 and control group = 260), and the Uruguayan sample consisted of 330 adolescents (experimental group = 140 and control group = 169), aged 12 to 15 years old. The 'Hero' program provided evidence of efficacy for the promotion of prosociality, empathy, positive emotions, and attitudes of forgiveness. It impacted each of the dimensions comprising these variables differently depending on the country where it was applied. We discuss the differences found in each country.

Psychotherapists' emotional and physiological reactions toward patients with either borderline personality disorder or depression.

Objective: There is a marked difference between the effects of psychotherapy for major depressive disorder (MDD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD), with treatment being less effective for the latter. Considering the importance of the therapeutic relationship in the prognosis of therapeutic results, some of these differential effects might be explained by the distinctive reactions that patients elicit in their therapists. The aim of the present research was to characterize therapists' perceptions of their emotional and physiological reactions to patients diagnosed with MDD or BPD. Method: A semi-structured interview was conducted with 43 clinical psychologists from Argentina with different theoretical orientations. These professionals treated at least one patient diagnosed with BPD and one with MDD during the previous year. Therapists' reactions were categorized through a modified consensual qualitative research analysis. Results: Our findings suggest that psychotherapists feel emotions of dysregulation with BPD patients and sensations of fatigue with MDD patients. Conclusion: The results provide some support for the idea that therapists may mirror their patients' internal experiences.

Escala de Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas: adaptación al ámbito educativo en una muestra de adolescentes argentinos / Psychological Basical Needs Scale: adaptation to the educational field in a sample of Argentine adolescents

La Teoría de la Autodeterminación refiere a tres necesidades psicológicas básicas, presentes en el transcurso de la vida de un individuo: autonomía, competencia y relación. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación al contexto educativo de la Escala de Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Gagné, 2003) en población adolescente Argentina. La adaptación cobra relevancia debido a que no existe hasta el momento en Argentina una versión de la escala que permita evaluar dichas necesidades en estudiantes de nivel secundario. Para medir la validez de constructo de la nueva versión se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio evaluando la presencia de las dimensiones propuestas por los autores originales. Se utilizó el método de estimación Unweighted least squares. Se tuvo en cuenta el valor chi cuadrado, chi/gl, los índices GFI, AGFI, NFI y RMR. Para estudiar la validez concurrente se realizó un análisis de correlación con la Utrecht-Work Compromiso Scale en su versión para estudiantes y con el rendimiento académico de los alumnos. Para evaluar la consistencia interna del instrumento se utilizó el coeficiente Omega. La muestra estuvo conformada por 313 estudiantes de nivel secundario, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 16 años (M = 13.46; DT = 1.05). Los resultados del presente estudio aportan evidencias empíricas que avalan buenos niveles de validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en el contexto educacional y en la población adolescente. De este modo, las propiedades psicométricas de la versión adaptada del instrumento son aceptables.

The Theory of Self-determination refers to three basic psychological needs, present in the course of an individual's life: autonomy, competence and relationship. The objective of this work is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the adaptation to the educational context of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Gagné, 2003) in Argentine adolescent population. The adaptation is relevant because, to date, there is no version of the scale in Argentina that allows evaluating these needs in secondary school students. To measure the construct validity of the new version, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed evaluating the presence of the dimensions proposed by the original authors. The Unweighted least squares estimation method was used, taking into account the chi square value, chi / gl, the GFI, AGFI, NFI and RMR indices. To study concurrent validity, a correlation analysis was performed with the Utrecht-Work Engagement Scale in its version for students and with the academic performance of the students. To evaluate the internal consistency of the instrument, the Omega coefficient was used. The sample consisted of 313 high school students, aged between 12 and 16 years (M = 13.46; SD = 1.05). The results of the present study provide empirical evidence that support good levels of validity and reliability of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale in the educational context and in the adolescent population. Thus, the psychometric properties of the adapted version of the instrument are acceptable.