Subject(s)
Black or African American/education , Black or African American/history , Black or African American/psychology , Mothers/history , Mothers/psychology , Mothers/statistics & numerical data , Pregnancy in Adolescence/ethnology , Pregnancy in Adolescence/psychology , Pregnancy in Adolescence/statistics & numerical data , Social Class , Women , Adolescent , Black or African American/ethnology , Black or African American/statistics & numerical data , Career Choice , Employment/economics , Employment/history , Employment/psychology , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Employment/trends , Female , History, 20th Century , Humans , Mothers/classification , Pregnancy , United States , Women/education , Women/history , Women/psychology , Young AdultABSTRACT
In order to shed light on the direction of causality between fertility timing and earnings, this paper uses medical diagnoses of infertility as instruments for age at first birth (for those women who did give birth) and childlessness among married women. Although multivariate ordinary least squares regression results find a positive correlation between childbirth at later ages and higher wages as well as between childlessness and increased wages, delays in childbearing due to infertility do not significantly increase a woman's wages. Thus, data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) indicate that delaying childbirth does not, by itself, guarantee higher wages in the labor market. Therefore, this study does not support the conventional notion of the 'mommy track' in which career success and motherhood are incompatible.
Subject(s)
Career Mobility , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Infertility/epidemiology , Maternal Age , Women, Working/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Data Collection , Family Planning Services/statistics & numerical data , Family Planning Services/trends , Female , Humans , Multivariate Analysis , Pregnancy , Regression Analysis , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , United States/epidemiologySubject(s)
Ceftizoxime/analogs & derivatives , Cephalosporins/pharmacokinetics , Otitis Media with Effusion/drug therapy , Acute Disease , Administration, Oral , Ceftizoxime/pharmacokinetics , Ceftizoxime/therapeutic use , Cephalosporins/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Ear, Middle/metabolism , Humans , Infant , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Otitis Media with Effusion/metabolism , Otitis Media with Effusion/surgery , CefpodoximeABSTRACT
The high reported incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in trauma patients has prompted surveillance venous duplex scanning of the lower extremities. We report our retrospective experience with 183 multiple trauma patients who were admitted to the surgical intensive care unit and underwent 261 surveillance venous scans. There were 122 men and 61 women whose average age was 38 years. All patients were treated prophylactically with either extremity pneumatic compression or subcutaneous heparin to prevent DVT. Most (87%) patients suffered blunt trauma and had either head (3%), spinal (3%), intra-abdominal (9%), or lower extremity (17%) injuries or a combination of injuries (68%). Almost two thirds of the patients had no symptoms suggestive of possible DVT. Of the 261 venous scans performed, 239 (92%) were normal, 16 (6%) were positive for proximal lower extremity DVT, and six (2%) showed thrombus limited to the calf veins. Patients with symptoms of lower extremity DVT were significantly more likely to have proximal DVT compared to those without symptoms (15% vs. 5%, p < 0.05). Patients with spinal injuries also had a higher incidence of proximal DVT (18% vs. 6%, p < 0.05). At current hospital charges, the cost to identify each proximal DVT was $6688. If surveillance duplex scans were performed on all trauma patients in the surgical intensive care unit, the national annual expense would be $300,000,000. Routine DVT surveillance is expensive and should be reserved for symptomatic patients or those with spinal injuries.
