[Diagnosis and management of testicular torsion in children]. / Diagnostic et prise en charge de la torsion testiculaire chez l'enfant.

Testicular torsion is a true urologic emergency with a bimodal age presentation : the perinatal testicular torsion presenting with a hard, tender or non-tender scrotal mass usually with underlying dark discoloration of the skin and the peripubertal testicular torsion presenting with severe acute testicular pain, vomiting and frequently pain irradiation in the inguinal area, a high riding-horizontally positioned testis and absence of the cremasteric reflex. Obtaining a US Doppler must not add unnecessary delay to the urgent surgical treatment which entails detorsion and bilateral orchidopexy. We do not recommend manual detorsion as around 30 % of testis rotate externally. Up to 50 % of patients presenting with a testicular torsion suffered beforehand from intermittent testicular pain episodes.

La torsion testiculaire est une urgence urologique avec deux âges de présentation. La période périnatale, avec un « scrotum aigu ¼ (bourse bleuâtre ou rouge, tuméfiée, avec ou sans douleurs), présent à la naissance ou dans les jours qui suivent et les torsions plus tardives, se manifestant par des douleurs testiculaires aiguës avec irradiation abdominale, une perte du réflexe crémastérien, une position ascensionnée et horizontalisée du testicule et parfois des vomissements. Le diagnostic est clinique et l'examen radiologique ne doit pas retarder l'exploration chirurgicale urgente avec détorsion et fixation testiculaire bilatérale. La détorsion manuelle externe est déconseillée, le sens de rotation du testicule étant aléatoire. 50 % des torsions testiculaires sont précédées d'épisodes de douleurs testiculaires intermittentes.

Urinary albumin excretion and chronic kidney disease in children with vesicoureteral reflux.

BACKGROUND: Albuminuria is a potential biomarker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in various glomerular diseases. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) often progresses to CKD, and study is required of use of albuminuria as a biomarker for this condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or filtration fraction (FF) in children with VUR. STUDY DESIGN: In this retrospective study, renal parameters of 141 children with VUR were investigated, using inulin clearance, FF, and albuminuria. The association between urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), GFR, and FF was analyzed in a continuous manner by calculating the ß coefficient, and also in a binary manner by calculating the OR. RESULTS: Using both continuous and binary analyses, ACR values were negatively and significantly associated to GFR values in patients with low, normal, or high FF values (Table). It was also positively and significantly associated with FF values in patients with low, normal or high GFR values (Table). No association was found between ACR and gender, VUR stages or laterality, number of urinary tract infection, presence of a single functional kidney, history of reflux surgery, or renal scars or hypertension. DISCUSSION: ACR is associated with CKD in patients with VUR. In addition, increased urinary albumin excretion cannot be completely and solely explained by decreased GFR and/or increased FF values. The two main limitations of this study are the crude assessment of renal scarring, which prevented finer analysis between albuminuria and renal scarring surface area, and that the study cohort may not be representative of the true VUR population. CONCLUSION: This study shows that albuminuria is associated with decreased renal function in patients with VUR and that it could be used to monitor renal function in this condition.

[News in paediatrics]. / Pédiatrie.

Every pediatrician will be confronted with newborns oryoung infants with skin lesions in proximity of the vertebral column. It is important not to miss a spinal dysraphism because of the risk of meningeal infection or of the possible presence of a tethered cord. A practical algorithm is presented. Non-accidental injury in young infants and toddlers is not rare but difficult to detect. Bruises and fractures are highly suspicious for non-accidental injury and should trigger specific investigations. Emergency departments and hospitals are switching from hypotonic to isotonic solutions as maintenance infusions of children. They reduce the risk of hyponatremia without increasing that of hypernatremia, and they should be used preferentially in the majority of pediatric clinical settings.

[Patients with variations of sex development : an example of interdisciplinary care]. / Patients avec variation du développement sexuel : un exemple de prise en charge interdisciplinaire.

The medical, psychological and social aspects of disorders of sex development (DSD) represent a challenge for the management of these patients. However, advances in our understanding of the etiology and genetics of this condition, novel surgical approaches and the growing influence of patient groups as well as wider recognition of ethical issues have helped improve the care of patients with a DSD. Importantly, a multidisciplinary approach involving specialists is crucial for understanding and treating such rare and complex cases. According to the recommendations of the Swiss National Ethical Commission, we shall use the term « Variation of Sex Development ¼ rather than « Disorder of Sex Development ¼ in this publication. This article addresses the care of DSD patients throughout development from the point of view of specialists in complementary fields.

La prise en charge des personnes avec une variation du développement sexuel (VDS) (disorder of sex development, DSD) est un défi tant sur le plan médical, psychologique que social. L'amélioration des connaissances étiologiques et génétiques, les nouvelles approches chirurgicales et l'influence tant des groupes de patients que de la Commission d'éthique suisse ont considérablement modifié la vision de la prise en charge de ces personnes durant ces dernières décennies. Une approche pluridisciplinaire et spécialisée est cruciale pour appréhender ces situations rares et souvent complexes. Le point de vue des différents spécialistes impliqués au long de la vie dans la prise en charge d'une VDS est abordé dans cet article.

[Inguinal hernias in girls: is caryotype necessary?]. / Pédiatrie. 1. Hernie inguinale chez la fille: un caryotype est-il nécessaire?

The incidence of inguinal hernias in children is 1-4% with predominance in boys (10 to 1). Based on the data, 0.8-2.4% of premenstrual girls presenting with inguinal hernias have a complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS). On the other hand, 80-90% of girls with CAIS present uni- or bilateral inguinal hernias. Unfortunately, this burdened pathology is very rarely looked for by pediatricians, or paediatric surgeons.

New combined serum creatinine and cystatin C quadratic formula for GFR assessment in children.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The estimated GFR (eGFR) is important in clinical practice. To find the best formula for eGFR, this study assessed the best model of correlation between sinistrin clearance (iGFR) and the solely or combined cystatin C (CysC)- and serum creatinine (SCreat)-derived models. It also evaluated the accuracy of the combined Schwartz formula across all GFR levels. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Two hundred thirty-eight iGFRs performed between January 2012 and April 2013 for 238 children were analyzed. Regression techniques were used to fit the different equations used for eGFR (i.e., logarithmic, inverse, linear, and quadratic). The performance of each model was evaluated using the Cohen κ correlation coefficient and the percentage reaching 30% accuracy was calculated. RESULTS: The best model of correlation between iGFRs and CysC is linear; however, it presents a low κ coefficient (0.24) and is far below the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative targets to be validated, with only 84% of eGFRs reaching accuracy of 30%. SCreat and iGFRs showed the best correlation in a fitted quadratic model with a κ coefficient of 0.53 and 93% accuracy. Adding CysC significantly (P<0.001) increased the κ coefficient to 0.56 and the quadratic model accuracy to 97%. Therefore, a combined SCreat and CysC quadratic formula was derived and internally validated using the cross-validation technique. This quadratic formula significantly outperformed the combined Schwartz formula, which was biased for an iGFR≥91 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). CONCLUSIONS: This study allowed deriving a new combined SCreat and CysC quadratic formula that could replace the combined Schwartz formula, which is accurate only for children with moderate chronic kidney disease.

Anorectal Malformations: Finding the Pathway out of the Labyrinth.

Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are a complex group of congenital anomalies involving the distal anus and rectum, as well as the urinary and genital tracts in a significant number of cases. Most ARMs result from abnormal development of the urorectal septum in early fetal life. In most cases, the anus is not perforated and the distal enteric component ends blindly (atresia) or as a fistula into the urinary tract, genital tract, or perineum. ARMs are also present in a great number of syndromes and associations of congenital anomalies. The classification of ARMs is mainly based on the position of the rectal pouch relative to the puborectal sling, the presence or absence of fistulas, and the types and locations of the fistulas. All of this information is crucial in determining the most appropriate surgical approach for each case. Imaging studies play a key role in evaluation and classification of ARMs. In neonates, clinical and radiologic examinations in the first 3 days of life help determine the type of ARM and the need for early colostomy. In older children, preoperative pelvic magnetic resonance imaging is the most efficient diagnostic method for evaluating the size, morphology, and grade of development of the sphincteric musculature.

Microalbuminuria and hyperfiltration in subjects with nephro-urological disorders.

BACKGROUND: Microalbuminuria (MA) has been shown to be an early biomarker of renal damage. It is postulated that MA is the early result of hyperfiltration, which could evolve into glomerular sclerosis and renal failure if hyperfiltration is left untreated. We hypothesized that MA is a good indicator of hyperfiltration in children with kidney disorders, obviating the need to calculate the filtration fraction (FF). METHODS: A total of 155 children or young adults were prospectively included [42 single kidney (SK), 61 vesico-ureteral reflux, 23 obstructive uropathies, 29 other kidney diseases]. We measured inulin, para-aminohippuric acid clearances, FF and MA. Prediction of hyperfiltration was explored by studying the association between the FF and other variables such as urinary albumin (Alb), urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) and creatinine clearance. RESULTS: A significant but weak association between urinary Alb or ACR and FF was found in subjects with an SK (Spearman correlation coefficients 0.32 and 0.19, respectively). Multivariate analysis also showed that urinary Alb and ACR significantly predict FF only in subjects with an SK (r(2) = 0.17, P = 0.01 and r(2) = 0.13, P = 0.02, respectively). This holds true only in subjects with an SK and inulin clearance >90 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (r(2) = 0.41, P < 0.001). There was no association between creatinine clearance and FF. CONCLUSIONS: MA is not associated with FF in our subjects with nephro-urological disorders, except in those with an SK, where the association is weak, indicating that MA is due to other mechanisms than high FF and cannot predict hyperfiltration in such groups.

Comparison of the glomerular filtration rate in children by the new revised Schwartz formula and a new generalized formula.

The most widely used formula for estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in children is the Schwartz formula. It was revised in 2009 using iohexol clearances with measured GFR (mGFR) ranging between 15 and 75 ml/min × 1.73 m(2). Here we assessed the accuracy of the Schwartz formula using the inulin clearance (iGFR) method to evaluate its accuracy for children with less renal impairment comparing 551 iGFRs of 392 children with their Schwartz eGFRs. Serum creatinine was measured using the compensated Jaffe method. In order to find the best relationship between iGFR and eGFR, a linear quadratic regression model was fitted and a more accurate formula was derived. This quadratic formula was: 0.68 × (Height (cm)/serum creatinine (mg/dl))-0.0008 × (height (cm)/serum creatinine (mg/dl))(2)+0.48 × age (years)-(21.53 in males or 25.68 in females). This formula was validated using a split-half cross-validation technique and also externally validated with a new cohort of 127 children. Results show that the Schwartz formula is accurate until a height (Ht)/serum creatinine value of 251, corresponding to an iGFR of 103 ml/min × 1.73 m(2), but significantly unreliable for higher values. For an accuracy of 20 percent, the quadratic formula was significantly better than the Schwartz formula for all patients and for patients with a Ht/serum creatinine of 251 or greater. Thus, the new quadratic formula could replace the revised Schwartz formula, which is accurate for children with moderate renal failure but not for those with less renal impairment or hyperfiltration.

Success and failure for children born with facial clefts in Africa: a 15-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: This study reviews the 15 year program of our Department of Pediatric Surgery for the treatment and follow-up of children born with a cleft in Benin and Togo. METHODS: We analyzed files of children born in Africa with a cleft. They were referred to us through a nongovernmental organization (NGO) between 1993 and 2008 and assessed in Africa by local pediatricians before and after surgery. Operations were performed by our team. RESULTS: Two hundred files were reviewed: 60 cases of unilateral cleft lip, seven of bilateral cleft lip, 44 of unilateral cleft lip palate (UCLP), 29 of bilateral cleft lip palate (BCLP), 53 of cleft palate (CP), three of bilateral oro-ocular cleft, one of unilateral and two of median clefts (Binder), and one of commissural cleft. Sixty-nine (35 %) of these cases were not operated in Africa: 25 (12.5 %) had not shown up, 28 (15 %) were considered unfit for surgery (Down's syndrome, HIV-positive, malnutrition, cardiac malformation), and 16 (7.5 %) were transferred to Switzerland. Palatal fistula occurred in 20 % of UCLP, 30 % of BCLP, and 16 % of CP. Evaluation of speech after palate surgery gave less than 50 % of socially acceptable speech. CONCLUSIONS: Our partnership with a NGO and a local team makes it possible to treat and subsequently follow children born with a cleft in West Africa. Surgery is performed under good conditions. If aesthetic results are a success, functional results after palate surgery need further improvement to promote integration in school and social life.

Urodynamic score in children with lipomyelomeningocele: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: We assessed the correlation between urodynamic score and presence of symptoms in children with lipomyelomeningocele, and the usefulness of this measure in monitoring these children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 29 patients 1 month to 13 years old (mean 1.9 years) with lipomyelomeningocele from 1995 to 2010. A 4-parameter urodynamic score ranging from 0 to 17 was assigned to each patient at diagnosis and followup. Indications for surgery were presence of symptoms and signs or abnormal urodynamic score. Children were divided into 2 groups, symptomatic and asymptomatic. The latter group was further divided into operated and conservatively managed cases. Average followup was 6.7 years (range 2 to 16). RESULTS: The symptomatic group contained 11 children (38%) operated on at a mean age of 2.9 years. Mean followup was 6.7 years (range 2 to 12). All patients presented with an abnormal urodynamic score. Postoperative urodynamic score improved in 6 patients (55%), remained abnormal in 4 (36%) and deteriorated in 1 (9%). The asymptomatic group contained 18 patients, of whom 7 (39%) were operated on at a mean age of 1.4 years. Mean followup was 10 years (range 3 to 16). Postoperative score improved in 6 patients (86%) and remained unchanged in 1 (14%). A total of 11 cases (61%) were managed conservatively, with a mean followup 4.3 years (range 2 to 7). Of these patients 3 (27%) presented with late urodynamic score deterioration at 3, 5 and 6 years of followup while remaining asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Urodynamic score is a useful tool in monitoring children with lipomyelomeningocele because it has a good correlation with the presence of symptoms.

Hirschsprung's disease: the "Swiss roll" technique revisited.

PURPOSE: During pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), the assessment of innervation is mainly based on the presence of ganglion cells when conventional Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining is used. In hypoganglionosis, the evaluation is difficult. We adapted a standardized methodology for the examination of resected bowel after HSCR surgery, using the technique described by Moolenbeek on rodent intestine and later by Meier-Ruge in children. We have analysed the entire innervation of surgically resected bowels and compared the results with the follow up of patients. METHODS: Three longitudinal strips of colon were harvested from the mesenteric, anti-mesenteric and intermediate part in the whole length of resected colon of six patients with HSCR. Each strip was divided into two parts. One of the contiguous strips was assessed with HE and Hematoxylin-Phloxin-Safran, and the other one with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry. We analyzed the distribution of ganglion cells and nerve arrangement along the strips with both techniques and compared the results obtained in the three different regions of the bowel. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the pattern of innervation circumferentially. There was a correlation between a progressive increase of AChE activity and nerve hypertrophy and a decrease of ganglion cells from the proximal to the distal part of the resected colon in the submucosa and the myenteric plexus. Nerve hypertrophy and AChE-positive reaction in the mucosa were found at the resection border in patients who presented postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous assessment of nerve cells, nerve fibers and AChE activity is important in the evaluation of the innervation of the bowel segment proximal to the aganglionic zone. The method described is feasible and can be adapted to older children and adults with larger bowels. These results point out the importance of assessing nerve fibers in intraoperative biopsies during pull-through procedures to prevent uncomplete surgical bowel resection.

Management of cryptorchidism in children: guidelines.

QUESTION: To develop clinical guidelines for the management of cryptorchidism in pre-pubertal boys, from early diagnosis through therapy to long-term follow-up and prognosis. METHOD: Systematic review of articles from the medical literature, referenced since 1966, using validated search strategies through the following databases: Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, DARE, ACP Journal Club, National Guidelines Clearinghouse, Guidelines International Network. Relevant articles published after 1988 were taken as the basis for the statements. Each statement was graded on the basis of the study design and on its methodological quality (GRADE approach). A multidisciplinary panel of local experts discussed and evaluated each statement on the strength of this evidence. RESULTS: 28 statements based on the best available evidence were drafted. The experts agreed with all but two statements, which were rated uncertain. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptorchidism is best diagnosed clinically, and treated by surgical orchiopexy at age 6-12 months, without a routine biopsy. If no testis is palpable, or if other signs of hypovirilisation such as hypospadias are present, the chromosomal sex and hormonal status must be assessed. Laparoscopy is the best way of diagnosing and managing intra-abdominal testes.

Endoscopic and surgical treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux in children. Comparative long-term follow-up.

PRINCIPLES: This retrospective study analyzes the long-term results of endoscopic and surgical treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux in children. METHODS: A cohort of 130 patients, 67 girls and 63 boys with a mean age of 30 months were treated either by endoscopic subureteral collagen injection (SCIN) in 92 and by Cohen reimplantation surgery in 123 refluxing ureteral units. Mean follow-up was 4.2 years varying from 1 to 8.7 years. Reflux recurrence, urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal function were evaluated. RESULTS: After SCIN reflux was absent in 64% at 6 months. 20% of the initially 92 refluxing ureters were injected twice. After one or two injections reflux was absent in 71%. In 21% recurrent reflux was of grade I or II, not requiring further treatment. UTI was observed in 27%. After Cohen ureteral reimplantation reflux was absent in 96% at 6 months. UTI was observed in 23%. Renal function at diagnosis and follow-up was compared in children with bilateral grade III reflux only. In patients treated with SCIN it was normal in 77% preoperatively and in 90% at follow-up. In patients treated by open surgery it was normal in 47% preoperatively and in 76% at follow-up. CONCLUSION: For high-grade vesico-ureteral reflux re-implantation surgery remains the gold standard. SCIN is indicated for low and medium grade reflux. Recurrent bacteriuria was observed more often after SCIN and pyelonephritis more often after open surgery. The renal function seems to be preserved with both techniques.

[Children and adolescent varicocele]. / Varicocèle de l'enfant et de l'adolescent.

About 15% of adolescent males present with a varicocele. It rarely causes symptoms and is often diagnosed on the routine physical examination. There are evidences of an association between duration of a varicocele and testicular impairment. Surgical treatment is indicated in case of testicular growth arrest, testicular asymmetry, grade II or more, symptoms i.e. pain or swelling, parental or patient's anxiety. Several treatment options include open surgery (with or without micro-anastomosis), laparoscopy, embolization by interventional radiology, antegrade scrotal sclerotherapy. Informations should include a recurrence rate as hight as 15% whatever the technique may be, postoperative hydroceles and some testicular atrophies. Those complications can be delayed.

A lower fistula rate in hypospadias surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether specific steps taken after a critical quality control of our results in hypospadias surgery lead to a decrease in fistula rate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Between 1994 and 2001, our series of 85 tubularized plate urethroplasties (modified Duplay or Duplay-Snodgrass procedure) had a fistula rate of 25.9%. In 2001, we modified our approach by systematically padding the urethral suture with a layer of vascularized subcutaneous preputial tissue, as described by Snodgrass. Scrotal hypospadias were excluded. Surgical outcome was assessed at 1 and 12 months. In both groups, all repairs were performed by or under direct supervision of the senior author (BJM). RESULTS: After 2001, 57 hypospadias repairs were performed in 57 patients aged 8 months to 14 years (median 1.4 years). Fistula occurred in two cases, one of which closed spontaneously within 6 months. Our fistula rate had dropped to 3.5%, with a minimum follow up of 12 months. CONCLUSION: Covering the urethral suture with a padding flap of vascularized preputial tissue helps avoid fistula formation. Technique modification after critical appraisal of our own series led to a much better outcome in this demanding surgery.

Mermaid syndrome: virtually no hope for survival.

Sirenomelia, also called the mermaid syndrome is a severe malformation involving multiple organs and characterized by partially or completely developed lower extremities fused by the skin. The birth of a "mermaid" is very rare (1.2-4.2 cases for 100,000 births); most are stillborn, or die at or shortly after birth. The case of a living female neonate with dipodic simelia (fusion of well-developed legs) is presented. No prenatal diagnosis was made and the newborn had an uneventful neonatal course following Cesarean section delivery. The complex and striking malformation was obvious at birth and further evaluation revealed very poorly functioning kidneys, associated with abnormal anorectum, urogenital tract, and external genitalia, as well as a pelvic malformation. Supportive care was applied because of the poor prognosis and the child died at 7 weeks of age, due to renal failure.

Introduction of a urodynamic score to detect pre- and postoperative neurological deficits in children with a primary tethered cord.

OBJECT: An increasing number of asymptomatic children are diagnosed with occult spinal dysraphism, raising the question of their optimal management. Urodynamic study (UDS) is the most reliable method of detecting neuro-urological abnormalities in these children. The rate of postoperative retethering ranges from 10 to 20% and is not always immediately clinically significant. The aim of this prospective study was to develop a reliable method that could be used in the preoperative assessment and postoperative follow-up of children with a tethered cord syndrome (TCS). METHODS: From 1989 to 1997, 15 children underwent spinal cord untethering for TCS. Preoperatively, patients were assessed with MRI and UDS. Postoperative UDS were repeated at 6- to 12-month intervals. Four UDS parameters were identified, graded, and added to obtain a UDS score. A group of 38 children without dysraphic condition was used as control and allowed the calculation of a normal score. CONCLUSIONS: There was a statistically significant difference in the preoperative UDS scores between the control group and the study group ( p<0.001). Postoperatively, there was a statistically significant improvement ( p<0.001) in UDS scores. UDS score is a reliable tool for identifying and quantifying neuro-urological disorders in patients with TCS. Postoperatively, this score was useful in the early diagnosis of spinal cord retethering.

Nephrogenic adenoma of the urethra: an unusual cause of hematuria in the child.

The authors describe a 9-year-old boy who had an accident with his bicycle. He presented with hematuria a few weeks later, and cystoscopy results showed a polypod lesion near the veru montanum. The lesion was resected, and histologic examination showed a nephrogenic adenoma (NA), which recurred 6 years later with hematuria. NA is a rare lesion in a child's urethra and can be a source of hematuria.

Unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children: long-term followup after unilateral pyeloplasty.

PURPOSE: The benefit of surgery on renal function in unilateral ureteropelvic junction stenosis (UPJS) is still debated. We evaluated renal function outcome after unilateral pyeloplasty in 53 children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 123I-hippuran renography performed at diagnosis and 5 to 15 years (mean +/- SD 7 +/- 3 years) after successful pyeloplasty. UPJS was prenatally detected in 26 children because of urinary tract infection in 17 and miscellaneous reasons in 10. Relative function (RF) and absolute function were measured on background corrected renograms. Absolute function of the affected and contralateral kidneys was determined by an accumulation index (AI), representing the percent injected dose extracted by each kidney 30 to 90 seconds after the heart peak. RESULTS: Preoperatively 33 of the 53 UPJS kidneys had a decreased AI but only 8 had a RF of less than 40%, which was improved in 7 at followup. In addition, the AI improved in 29 kidneys, of which 19 (36%) normalized. Of the UPJS kidneys 14 had an initially decreased AI that remained abnormal at followup. In these kidneys preoperative RF was less than 40% in all. At followup RF was greater than 40% in 4 children, in whom the AI of the UPJS kidney did not improve but the AI of the contralateral one decreased from supranormal to normal. Seven contralateral kidneys had a supranormal AI, whereas the AI remained normal in 3, of which the RF in the UPJS kidney remained at less than 40%. The AI and RF were normal in 20 UPJS kidneys and remained normal. CONCLUSIONS: When normal, the AI and RF reflected renal function outcome similarly. The AI added relevant information in UPJS kidneys with impaired function, showing compensation of the contralateral kidney.