[The bipolarity of the genetic structure of communities of the crucian carp (Carassius linnaeus, 1758) as a reflection of paradoxal reproductive relationships].

An analysis of 133 populations of Carasiius spp. from water bodies in Ukraine showed their polyspecific structure: 62% of individuals of the studied 3453 specimens. turned out to be bisexual goldfishes C. auratus, 25%. were unisexual Prissian carps C. gibelio, 6% accounted for the aboriginal species crucian carp C. carassius, and 6% were hybrids C. auratus x C. carassius. In this case a clear trend has been revealed towards the formation of homogeneous alternative populations, specifically: either C. auratus, or C. gibelio. Individuals of C. carassius and the hybrids C. auratus x C. carassius typically comprise an admixture in various populations. The cause of the bipolar distribution of individuals of C. auratus and C. gibelio between various water bodies is the instability of mixed populations as far as individuals of C. auratus very quickly replace females of C. gibelio due to their low reproductive potential.

Polyploid races, genetic structure and morphological features of earthworm Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) in Ukraine.

Four chromosomal races (2n=36, 3n=54, 6n=108, 8n=144) and 96 clones have been revealed among 224 specimens of the earthworm Aporrectodea rosea over the territory of Ukraine by means of karyological analysis and biochemical genetic marking. Each population has been showed by several clones at least; moreover the clones from different places have never been identical. The clones in the range of one population can be identified with the set of quantitative and qualitative parameters.

[Genetic diversity, origin and patterns of geographic distribution of polyploid spiny loach (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae, Cobitis) in Ukraine].

Only 16 biotypes from 28 possible ones, which could be generated during hybridization of C. elongatoides, on the one hand, and representatives of superspecies C. taenia s. lato (C. taenia, C. tanaitica, C. species-1), on the other hand, were discovered in water areas of Ukraine. Furthermore. two biotypes, presumably C. aff. melanoleuca-tanaitica, were discovered in the north-western regions. Polyploids have compounded 65% of investigated individuals of Cobitis genus, the average quantity of males has compounded less than 1% and it was equal among triploids and tetraploids. Absence of amphidiploids and also lack of sufficiently large number of individuals with recombined genotype and abnormal electrophoretic spectra should be stressed. Two loci of polyploid biotypes formation are marked out: southern (the Lower Danube) and northern (the Upper Danube, Oder and Rhine). C. taenia and non-specified C. species, typical of the north-western basins of Ukraine, participate in formation of polyploids in the last mentioned river alongside with C. elongatoides and C. tanaitica. It is established that in spite of clearly evident expansion capacity, so-called southern biotypes (C. 2 (3) elongatoides-tanaitica, C. elongatoides--2 (3) tanaitica) in comparison with the northern ones, which genome includes chromosomal complement C. taenia or C. species-1, are sharply limited in their spread to the East. The reason of such a situation is unbalanced gynogenetic crossing between females of the southern biotypes and C. taenia males, accompanied by introgressions, genetic instability and reduced posterity viability.

[Ploidy and genetic structure of hybrid populations of water frogs Pelophylax esculentus (L., 1758) complex (Amphibia, Ranidae) of Ukraine].

The present study of green frog hybrid populations of Ukraine, including analysis of allozyme variability and planimetric analysis oferythrocytes size has confirmed that the unique region in this area is the Severski Donets basin The allopolyploid individuals there are met very frequently (5.7% of all investigated frogs). In other areas of Ukraine only two polyploid hybrids have been recorded. Beside that, one frog was defined as triploid Rana ridibundus. According to our investigations, all triploid hybrids from the Severski Donets basin are identified as P. esculentu (=lessonae)--2 ridibundus males.

[Genetic structure of silver crussian carp Carassius (superspecies auratus) (Linnaeus, 1758) colonies from the Middle Dnieper basin].

Population genetic structure of silver Prussian carp from the Middle Dnieper basin was established by means of biochemical gene marking and cytometric analysis. In addition to diploid goldfish Carassius auratus, which was the basic species of bisexual colonies, a number of biotypes of triploid silver Prussian carp C. gibelio were identified. These biotypes either formed isolated unisexual populations, or were an admixture to the bisexual colonies. In addition, in bisexual colonies, triploid females of non-clonal origin were identified. Despite the fact that all forms of C. gibelio reproduced by means of gynogenesis, some of them (C. gibelio-1) formed isolated unisexual populations, while the others (C. gibelio-2, -3, and -4) usually coexisted with C. auratus.

[Genetic differentiation and alozyme variation of shads of genus Alosa (Clupeiformes, Alosiinae) from the Azov-Black Sea Basin].

Biochemical variation and differentiation of three species of Black-Azov sea shads (Alosa immaculata, A. caspia, A. maeotica) from three local stocks of Danube, Dnepr and Azov sea has been estimated. The research was based on the analysis of variability of 19 enzymes and 5 structural muscle loci. As a result the high degree of monomorphism and absence of any differences in allele pools were proved that confirms the point of view about their species identity. Most likely that Caspian, Brazhnikov's and Pontic shads are only morphologically discrete forms which have unreasonably appropriated a rank of a species, actually, they are the inhabited and spawning migratory ecological morphs, almost always meeting at anadromous fishes.

[Inheritance of parental genomes by a hybrid form Rana "esculenta" (Amphibia, Ranidae)].

In this study, quantitative analysis of paternal genome inheritance by a hybrid form Rana "esculenta" (= Rana esculenta L., 1758 x Rana ridibunda Pall., 1881) (Amphibia, Ranidae) was examined. The hybrid form examined was characterized by a polymodal mode of inheritance (genome of any of the parental species can be inherited). The absence of correlation between the proportion of normal gametes and either sex or ploidity of the producer was demonstrated. The gametes produced could be both haploid and diploid (hybrid or homozygous). The mechanism of alloploid reproduction is discussed.

[Genetic homeostasis and developmental stability in natural populations of two-gender (Carassius auratus) and one-gender (C. gibelio) goldfishes].

Comparative analysis of one amphymictic diploid Carassius auratus, three apomictic triploid C. gibelio and hybrid triploid Carassius auratus-gibelio forms of gold fish was performed at the complex of characteristics of developmental stability: morphological variation, fluctuating asymmetry and phenodeviations. It was found that C. gibelio forms are characterized by lower levels both of morphological variation and fluctuating asymmetry and more rare cases of morphological abnormalities. A hybrid form Carassius auratus-gibelio was characterized by the intermediate values of the mentioned above features. It is emphasized that phenotypic stabilization of apomictic forms is a consequence of two factors action: its clone structure and actually developmental canalization. It is specified that promoted genetic homeostasis of C. gibelio forms does not give obvious adaptive advantages as in the basic river basins of East and Central Europe they are everywhere ousted by an amphimictic C. auratus.

[Genetic structure and peculiarities of earthworms Aporrectodea (superspecies) caliginosa (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) complex on the territory of Ukraine].

The investigation of genetic structure of Aporrectodea caliginosa--A. trapezoides diploid--polyploid complex on the territory of Ukraine has been done both with biochemical gene marking of 6 loci (Aat, Es-1,-2,-3, -4, Mdh) and karyotyping. All 646 individuals of 21 samples were analyzed on the biochemical gene level. Karyotype preparations were received from 70 specimens. As a result diploid amphimictic A. caliginosa individuals (2n = 36) forming panmictic populations and triploid (2n = 54) A. trapezoides ones represented by 20 supposed clones were clearly differentiated in 157 specimens. A clear tendency of triploid form domination in the steppe zone of Ukraine where they form 70% in comparison to 12% of all A. (superspecies) caliginosa in the northern forest regions was detected. Taking into account the constant heterozygosity of the investigated loci and chromosome reaction in meiosis, the clone forms are allotriploids formed as a result of close species hybridization, but according to allele pools the amphimictic species living in Ukraine is absent. It means that either apomictic clones of A. trapezoides are not of the local origin and their appearance in the fauna of Ukraine is the result of earthworm introduction into the arid steppe regions or amphimictic A. caliginosa is an invasive species.

[The case of hybridization in spined loach (Osteichthies: Cobitidae: Cobitis) that stimulated genetical instability and expansion].

Monitoring of hybrid assemblage of spined loach carried out during the six-year period represents description of the unique case of reproductive interaction of the Danube triploid females C. 2 elongatoides--"tanaitica", spontaneously introduced in the Irpen river (Medium Dnieper river basin), with local diploid males C. taenia. As it appears from the obtained results, even during the similar "crosses" the restricted incorporation of C. taenia genetic material into C. 2 elongatoides--"tanaitica" hybrid genome takes place. As a result the descendants undergo modifications of electrophoretic hybrid spectrum of Aat-1 locus that can be interpreted as development of genetic instability. During two years the generically modified brood has not only completely superseded the normal Danube triploid descendants from the Irpen river, but also has sharply increased representation of introgressants in the basin. As a consequence the assemblage of spined loach of this river at the moment by more than one half consists of the Danube modified triploids. During subsequent gynogenetic "crosses" of already modified triploid female C. 2 elongatoides--"tanaitica" with C. taenia males tetraploid recombinants and backcrosses have appeared in the population which have never been observed in the Dnieper spined loach populations. The fact of the directional genome transformations during gynogenetic crosses proves that initialisation of an ovule splitting by spermatozoon is not generically neutral event.

[Genetic structure of diploid-polyploid complex of spined loaches Cobitis (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae) of the Danube delta].

The unusually high diversity of spined loache biotypes in Lower Danube was detected by means of biochemical genetic investigation and cytometric analysis of 358 specimens collected in riverbed and eriks. Along with two diploid species (C. elongatoides and C. "tanaitica") six hybrid forms were revealed: diploid C. elongatoides "tanaitica"; triploid C. 2 elongatoides--"tanaitica", C. elongatoides--2 "tanaitica" and C. 2 elongatoides--species-1 and tetraploid C. 3 elongatoides--"tanaitica", C. elongatoides--species-2--2 "tanaitica". Besides that the specimens with recombinant genotypes occured. In spite of the apomictic mode of reproduction the poliploids do not possess the clonal structure but according to the level of polymorphism and the genotype distribution are isomorphous to the parental diploid species. This means that on the contrary to the polyploid cobitids of the Dnieper which have appeared in this catchment area due to the expansion of their home range the polyploid fishes from the Lower Danube reaches are autochtonous and are produced as a result of hybridization with the local diploid species. The process is seemingly going on without any kind of limitations.

[The genetic asymmetry of the hybrid green frogs Rana esculenta (Amphibia: Ranidae) complex of Ukraine].

Research of the alleles of the species-specific genes in the gametal cells of Rana kl. esculenta hybrids proved the existence of three local populations within the territory of Ukraine. Their hybrids reject either the genome of lake frog (Danube lowland), either the previous one or another one genome (basin of Severskiy Donets river), either the genome of pond frog (the residuary territory of the areal). The research of skin transplants rejection of hybrids' parental species has shown that despite the orientation of genome elimination of this population the graft of lake frog always starts identifying and rejecting earlier. That is why the genetic skewness of hybrids becomes apparent at the skin level and corresponds to its manifestations at the organism level.

[Genetic variation of Azov and Black sea herring Alosa pontica (Eihwald, 1838), (Clupeiformes, Alosinae) in Danube river: analysis of biochemical gene markers].

Genetic variation and structure of Danube stock of Aloca pontica pontica were investigated during the spawning moving by means of biochemical genetic marking. The level of heterozygosity was Hobs = 0,009. It is essentially lower than the average level for populations of other Teleostei and Clupeidae representatives. Polymorphism was defined only for Es-D of 20 analyzed loci expressed in muscle tissues. The allele frequencies for this locus were reliably different in the early spawning and later spawning parts of the stock, as well as proportion of heterozygotes and genotype diversity which was higher at the beginning of spawning moving. These results are discussed from two points of view: genetic differences between subpopulations in the course of spawning moving and presence of two close species of herring which come for the spawning together and hybridize to each other.

[Genetic structure of the spawning population of Danube shad, Alosa pontica, Eichwaldt 1838 (Clupeiformes, Alosiinae)].

The genetic structure of the population of Danube shad, Alosa pontica, has been studied by means of analysis of 3 polymorphic biochemical gene loci. The results of the study provide evidence of its genetic heterogeneity which is expressed by: firstly, an unbalanced ratio of genotype loci manifested by an excess of rare homozygotes and deficite of the correspoding heterozygotes, and secondly, differences in the allele frequencies between shad populations arriving for spawning in March-April and May-June. It is suggested that there could be two causes of heterogeneity: one due to the introgressive hybridization between various forms of A. pontica and another to the differences between early and late spring races of shad which to a certain extent are reproductively autonomous.

[The genetic structure of the European goldfish Carassius auratus s. lato (Cyprinidae) in Ukrainian water bodies: an analysis of bisexual samples]. / Geneticheskaia struktura evropeiskogo karasia Carassius auratus s. lato (Cyprinidae) vodoemov Ukrainy: analiz dvupolykh vyborok.

Biochemical gene mapping of goldfish populations in the middle Dnieper basin demonstrated that 8 out of 17 studied enzyme and protein systems are uncoded by duplicated loci and two of them represent isoloci. Noteworthily, the heterozygosity in the studied goldfish samples was significantly higher than the average for bony fish (Hexp = 0.128, 0.135). Cytometric analysis of the samples demonstrated that one of them includes about 20% of presumably triploid females that, nevertheless, did not demonstrate a common electrophoretic pattern of the polymorphic loci, which is typical for unisexual parthenogenetic forms. Moreover, no additional gene applications (constant heterozygotes), unique alleles (diagnostic patterns), or stable manifestation of a gene dose effect were revealed in the polyploid females. Several hypotheses were proposed to explain such unusual structure of triploid parthenogenetic individuals.

[Genetic structure of species complex of the spined loach Cobitis auc. (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae) in Severskii Donets river basin]. / Geneticheskaia struktura vidovogo komplexa shchipovok Cobitis auc (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae) basseina Severskogo Dontsa.

Biochemical, genetic, cytometric and morphological analyses of spined loaches of the middle stream of Severskiy Donetz river revealed 3 bisexual species: Cobitis taenia s.l. (68% of the sample); C. melanoleuca (11%); Sabanejewia aurata (9%) and 2 hybrid forms: triploid C. taenia(2)-sp. (9%) and diploid C. taenia-melanoleuca (3%). Distinctive features of genetic structure of polyploid hybrids C. taenia(2)-sp. as well as taxonomic identity of diploid C. taenia s.l. of Severskiy Donetz river were discussed in regard to the Dnieper population ones.

[Genetic structure of crucian carp (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Carassius L. 1758) populations of middle-Dnieper basin]. / Geneticheskaia struktura populiatsii karasei (Cyprimiformes, Cyprinidae, Carassius L. 1758), naseliaiushchikh vodoemy srednedneprovskogo basseina.

Comparative analysis of Middle Dnieper crucian carp's population structure was made by means of biochemical gene marking, cytometry and biological analysis. As a result the structure was found, which may by expounded like association of the genetically related species and forms. This association consists of diploid C. auratus (which predominates in population), C. carassius (which was found in the some of north-eastern reservoirs only) and triploid C. gibelio. In Ukraine the homogeneous populations of C. gibelio can be found on the north-east of Eastern Ukraine only. Though some of individuals maybe present with diploid C. auratus. Besides were found hybrid form: diploid C. auratus-C. carassius and presumably tetraploid C. auratus-C. gibelio and C. gibelio-C. carassius. However in the tetraploid's spectra were absent a number of specific alleles, that marking C. species-one of the parental species of triploid C. gibelio. Therefore presumptive tetraploids have not difference from C. auratus and diploid C. auratus-C. carassius on the gene markers level. Nevertheless they are neatly diagnose by the erythrocytes which have good difference and are bigger then diploid species erythrocytes in 40% (C. auratus-C. gibelio) and 100% (C. gibelio-C. carassius).

[Natural transfer of nuclear genes in hybrid populations of green frogs Rana esculenta L., 1758 complex: space-time analysis of the phenomenon]. / Estestvennyi perenos iadernykh v gibridnykh populiatsiiakh liagushek Rana esculenta L., 1758 complex: analiz v prostranstve i vo vremeni.

Spatial and temporal analysis of frequency distribution patterns of the Rana esculenta (=lessonae)-specific allele, Ldh-B71, in the populations and individuals of R. ridibunda from the Middle Dnieper region was performed. It was established that the allele was accumulated in the populations of Kiev, where on average 15 to 25% of individuals steadily preserved this allele through at least three to four generations. Furthermore, the allele frequency in juveniles and adults was similar. These findings suggest that the frogs carrying foreign genetic material were not eliminated from the populations, and hence, the observed introduction of foreign genes was adaptively neutral. The transfer of the genetic material from one species to another may be considered as a possible mechanism of the formation of an additional source for population genetic variation, which, however, do not seems to be evolutionary progressive.

[Characters of amino acid substitution in LDH-A and LDH-B in the evolutionary line of vertebrates]. / Osobennosti aminokislotnykh zameshchenii LDH-A i LDH-B v évoliutsionnom riadu pozvonochnykh zhivotnykh.

Structure of lactate dehydrogenase LDH-A (muscle) and LDH-B (heart) subunits is compared in the evolutionary line of vertebrates from Chondrosteous fishes to Mammals. It is revealed persistent differences between them in the amino acid set determining the physical and chemical characteristics of macromolecules. The polypeptide chain of LDH-A is shorter then that of LDH-B but it contains amino acids with higher molecular weight. In LDH-A polarized amino acids are less in number but charged amino acids are more numerous, positive charged amino acids prevail over negative charged ones. The features of polypeptide structure are discussed in connection with differences in the level of intraspecific variability of allozymes in the evolutionary line of vertebrates.

[Genetic structure of unisex hybrid population of frogs Rana esculenta complex in lowland Transcarpathian region]. / Geneticheskaia struktura odnopolykh gibridnykh populiatsii liagushek Rana esculenta complex v ravninnom Zakarpat'e.

The biochemical genetic marking and analysis of the ploidy and sexual structure of the green frog populations from the Transcarpathian lowlands have demonstrated that this region is inhabited by the unisexual populations composed of the allodiploid females only. Their genome includes a small portion of the marsh frog genic diversity. This phenomenon is discussed in relation to the unisexual population reproduction problem. The assumption is proposed that in the Transcarpathian hybrid populations the hybrids are spawned by the parthenogenesis.