Pre-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affects essential oil quality and the reproduction of root lesion nematode in Cymbopogon citratus.

Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant containing citral-rich essential oil, of which the quality and quantity may be affected by nematode infection. Research has shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may act as nematode biocontrol agents and improve the chemical composition of plants. Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects of AMF inoculation on vegetative growth, essential oil composition, induction of defense-related proteins, and control of Pratylenchus brachyurus in C. citratus. Seedlings were transplanted into pots inoculated with one of two AMF species (Rhizophagus clarus or Claroideoglomus etunicatum). At 30 days after AMF inoculation, plants were inoculated with P. brachyurus. Evaluations were performed at 75 days after nematode inoculation. Although both AMF treatments led to effective root colonization (> 84%), fungus inoculation was not effective in reducing P. brachyurus population density. Nevertheless, C. etunicatum promoted an increase in shoot weight, and AMF treatments contributed to preserving essential oil composition in nematode-infected plants. In addition, both AMF treatments enhanced polyphenol oxidase activity and R. clarus increased peroxidase activity after nematode inoculation.

Indutores de resistência e estimuladores de crescimento vegetal no controle do nematoide das galhas em soja / Resistance inducers and plant growth stimulators on root-knot nematodes control in soybean

Os nematoides das galhas, Meloidogyne spp., ocasionam, anualmente, perdas significativas na produtividade de soja. O uso de métodos alternativos para controle se faz necessário, a fim de minimizar os prejuízos ocasionados. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de indutores de resistência e de estimuladores de crescimento vegetal no controle de Meloidogyne javanica em soja, sob dois níveis de inóculo inicial. Para isso, semeou-se soja em vasos de 2 L, contendo solo previamente autoclavado e, quinze dias após a emergência, inoculou-se 1000 ou 5000 ovos e eventuais juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. javanica por vaso, sendo a parte aérea tratada com acibenzolar-s-metil (ASM), EcolifeB®, Stimulate®, silicato de potássio e fosfito de potássio, via pulverização foliar. Plantas não tratadas, inoculadas e não inoculadas, foram usadas como testemunhas. Após 50 dias, parâmetros vegetativos e nematológicos foram avaliados. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições. Observou-se que sob baixa população inicial (Pi= 1000 ovos+J2), os tratamentos ASM, EcolifeB® e Stimulate® reduziram o número total de ovos, mas não houve diferença entre os tratamentos quando se inoculou 5000 ovos+J2. Os parâmetros vegetativos da soja não foram afetados, independente dos indutores e estimuladores utilizados.

Annually, root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., cause significant losses on soybean yield. Use of alternative methods is necessary to pathogen control. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the application of resistance inducers and growth promoters to Meloidogyne javanica control on soybean, in two initial inoculum levels. For this purpose, soybean seeds were sown in 2 L pots, containing autoclaved soil. Fifteen days after the emergency, each pot was inoculated with 1000 or 5000 eggs and eventual juveniles of second stage (J2) of M. javanica. The seedling shoots were sprayed with acibenzolar-s-metil(ASM), EcolifeB®, Stimulate®, potassium silicate and potassium phosphite. Untreated plants, inoculated and uninoculated, were used as controls. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design, with six replications. After 50 days, vegetative and nematological parameters were evaluated. It was observed that under low initial population (1000 eggs+J2) the treatments with ASM, EcolifeB®, and Stimulate® reduced the total number of eggs. However, there was no difference among treatments when inoculated with 5000 eggs+J2. Soybean vegetative parameters were not affected regardless of treatment.

Indutores de resistência e estimuladores de crescimento vegetal no controle do nematoide das galhas em soja / Resistance inducers and plant growth stimulators on root-knot nematodes control in soybean

Os nematoides das galhas, Meloidogyne spp., ocasionam, anualmente, perdas significativas na produtividade de soja. O uso de métodos alternativos para controle se faz necessário, a fim de minimizar os prejuízos ocasionados. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de indutores de resistência e de estimuladores de crescimento vegetal no controle de Meloidogyne javanica em soja, sob dois níveis de inóculo inicial. Para isso, semeou-se soja em vasos de 2 L, contendo solo previamente autoclavado e, quinze dias após a emergência, inoculou-se 1000 ou 5000 ovos e eventuais juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. javanica por vaso, sendo a parte aérea tratada com acibenzolar-s-metil (ASM), EcolifeB®, Stimulate®, silicato de potássio e fosfito de potássio, via pulverização foliar. Plantas não tratadas, inoculadas e não inoculadas, foram usadas como testemunhas. Após 50 dias, parâmetros vegetativos e nematológicos foram avaliados. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições. Observou-se que sob baixa população inicial (Pi= 1000 ovos+J2), os tratamentos ASM, EcolifeB® e Stimulate® reduziram o número total de ovos, mas não houve diferença entre os tratamentos quando se inoculou 5000 ovos+J2. Os parâmetros vegetativos da soja não foram afetados, independente dos indutores e estimuladores utilizados. (AU)

Annually, root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., cause significant losses on soybean yield. Use of alternative methods is necessary to pathogen control. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the application of resistance inducers and growth promoters to Meloidogyne javanica control on soybean, in two initial inoculum levels. For this purpose, soybean seeds were sown in 2 L pots, containing autoclaved soil. Fifteen days after the emergency, each pot was inoculated with 1000 or 5000 eggs and eventual juveniles of second stage (J2) of M. javanica. The seedling shoots were sprayed with acibenzolar-s-metil(ASM), EcolifeB®, Stimulate®, potassium silicate and potassium phosphite. Untreated plants, inoculated and uninoculated, were used as controls. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design, with six replications. After 50 days, vegetative and nematological parameters were evaluated. It was observed that under low initial population (1000 eggs+J2) the treatments with ASM, EcolifeB®, and Stimulate® reduced the total number of eggs. However, there was no difference among treatments when inoculated with 5000 eggs+J2. Soybean vegetative parameters were not affected regardless of treatment.(AU)